Aquatic Science Unit 1

Somewhere between ________ and __________ of the earth's surface is covered with water.

70% and 80%

About _______ of the adult human body is made of water.

70%

aquatic biology

the study of life in water

hydrology

the study of water as it moves through the water cycle

oceanography

the study of oceans, which includes navigation of the oceans

Egyptians

Nile River, created dams to block water from the Nile

Mesopotamia

Tigris and Euphrates, they built aqueducts

Chinese

Yangtze or Yellow River, built irrigation and flood control measures

Present day Pakistan and India

Indus River, built irrigation

________ and _________ discovered the water cycle.

Leonardo da Vinci, Bernard Palissy

How did Ptolemy contribute to oceanography?

He drew a world map that was used by mankind for over 1,200 years.

Some contributions that Aristotle made to science are:

he believed that the earth was a sphere, he correctly identified both whales and dolphins as mammals, he was the first person to systematically study the natural world, and he named and described the features of over 180 sea animals.

Name the bodies of water from least to greatest saltiness:

1. freshwater

2. brackish water

3. saltwater

4. brine

The scientific phrase for water is

dihydrogen monoxide.

closed system

a system that maintains itself on a limited amount of resources Example: water cycle

negative feedback loop

a system in which a change in one variable (an increase or decrease) causes the opposite change in another variable; if one decreases, the other increases.

open system

a system that receives input from and gives input to an outside environment Examples: humans breath in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, interactions between one another, homes built of wood

independent variable

variable is purposefully changed in an experiment

dependent variable

variable is changed by, or because of, the independent variable

extraneous variable

an uncontrolled variable that could interfere with an experiment

All living systems in the _______ depend on earth's other systems to survive.

biosphere

condensation

the process of water vapor into liquid water or ice crystals, forming clouds

evaporation

the process of liquid water transforming into water vapor

groundwater

water that is stored under the earth's surface

precipitation

water that falls from clouds as either a liquid or solid

percolation

the downward movement of water below the surface of the earth

runoff

water that falls on the earth's surface, flows, and does not infiltrate the ground

transpiration

a plant process that releases water into the atmosphere

water cycle

a system that moves and recycles water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

The ways that clouds become too heavy with water is

Bergeron process and coalescence

The processes that happen in coalescence are:

as the molecules stick together they coalesce, or grow together. The water drop gets bigger as it collides with smaller water drops. The water molecules attract other molecules, which stick together.

The processes that happen in the Bergeron process are:

Ice crystals attract more water vapor to them and they get bigger. Ice crystals will usually fall, or precipate, as snow, or melt as the temperature increases towards the surface of the earth and fall as rain. As water vapor forms high enough in the atmosphere where temperatures are colder, the vapor will condense into ice crystals.

Sleet forms when

ice crystals melt on their fall to earth's surface. the water then refreezes as it encounters a layer of air below freezing before hitting the earth.

hypothesis

an educated guess, may be false, if _______, then ________, just as likely to be proven true or false.

scientific method

a series of steps scientists use to find out more about the world in which we live

Steps of the scientific method in order:

1. Observation

2. Problem-question

3. Hypothesis

4. Experimentation

5. Analyze data and draw conclusions

6. Report

A good way to write a problem question is using cause and effect as a stem or root of the question.

What is the effect of ________ on _______?

scientific law

a factual statement that describes an action, or set of actions, in precise terms; explains only one action, simple, absolute and never change

theory

an explanation of a natural or physical phenomenon based on a hypothesis that has been found to be true and has been verified many times by different groups of scientists, generally true, explains many related actions, complex

positive feedback loop

a system in which a change in one variable causes the same change in another variable, eventually causing the same change in the original variable again; if one increases the other decreases.

Systems thinking is ______, rather than linear.

circular

atmosphere

the system that contains all the air surrounding the earth

controlled variable

a variable that does not change during an experiement

geosphere

the system that contains all of earth's land and rocks

hydrosphere

the system that contains all the earth's water and the water cycle

lithosphere

the top layer of the earth's crust