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Culture:
broadly is everything we make and consume
Symbols
material or immaterial objects that groups affix meaning to (often deployed through rituals)
Rituals
routinized and highly important group activities
Material Culture vs. Symbolic Culture
Material: physical goods, often placed in the economic system
symbolic: beliefs, values, language
Collective representation
Can represent a particular culture, the purpose or function, is to create social order and cohesion
College colors, fashion trends
High vs. popular culture
High culture: cultural good made for and enjoyed by elite groups
Oil paintings, opera, ballet, fancy cuisine
Popular culture: heavily produced and commercialized goods made for and consumed by a large audience
Code switching
adopting a set of informal rules and manners that are appropriate in a specific setting
Using slang and different clothes to act one way on the streets and another in the classroom
cultural tool kit
sets of beliefs, values, and attitudes that we learn to use in different situations
Cultural industries
the mass production of cultural goods requires a vast system of people and organization
corporate consolidation
the acquisition of smaller corporations by larger ones
6 companies own over 90% of US media
diversity capital
the practice of corporations like Target and Toyota supporting cultural institutions in order to improve their reputations and imply they value racial diversity
branding indigenity
investing in cultural institutions focused on Indigenous peoples in order to appear supportive of Indigenous groups
conspicuous consumption
gaining prestige by exhibiting valuable cultural goods, which implies to others that you are wealthy
subculture
a group that holds values and engages in activities that separate members from wide society
Goth culture
cultural capital
non-economic resources (knowledge, skills, behaviors) that are useful in a particular sphere of social life
Can be institutional, (degree from a university), embody cultural capital (your manner, style, ways of acting), or objectified culture, (your clothes, material objects)
Fields
contact where a kind of cultural capital is exchanged, like a profession, a community, or a class of people
habitus
Our learned dispositions, a set of trends organizing how we see the world and act within it
With little thought, we follow traffic laws when crossing the street
Status group
A collection of people who share similar characteristics that a community has given a certain level of prestige
symbolic boundaries
the ways people separate each other into groups (through traditions, styles, tastes, classification)
boundary work
creating and maintaining these distinctions - from defining a friendship group to classifying people as part of the working class - and limiting membership and access to resources
cultural omnivores
people who differentiate themselves by knowing a lot about many different cultural fields
Cowboy carter Beyonce
Globalization
when values reach such an international scale, integrating political and economic systems
Rationalization
increased efficiency, predictability, and control
Mcdonalidization
the border trend towards driving out local cultures and replacing them with standardized products
This can happen to entire places like NYC
cultural imperialism
the imposition of dominant groups' material and symbolic goods
Cultural Appropriation
when members of a dominant culture adopt the cultural goods (ideal, symbols, skills, expressions, intellectual property) of other groups for profit
Cultural Jamming
the practice of raising awareness around issues of McDonalization, corporate consolidation, and cultural imperialism
Global Commodity Chain
the international production distribution and marketing system of corporations, laborers, and consumers
Sex vs. gender
Sex: the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and females such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, and hormones
Gender: refers to the socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles and relationships among and better groups of women and men
nature vs. nurture
Nature: biological influence
Nurture: social influence
Gender Norms
social definitions of behaviors assigned to particular sex categories
The social construction of gender
how meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms
Teaching, learning, performing
we do gender
perform actions that produce gender
Interactions with others, what we believe is appropriate for gender
Men were encouraged to “man up”, and women were encouraged to cross their legs when wearing a dress
gender binary
the classification system that allows for only separate gender categories
Androgynous style
incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics
David Bowie
Bathroom Bills
ban trans people from using school or public bathrooms consistent with their gender identity
Gender affirming care
refers to therapies or treatments, ranging from counseling to medical interventions such as hormone treatments aimed at supporting and affirming an individual's gender identity when it conflicts with the one they were assigned at birth
Intersectionality
how different types of special relations are linked together in complex ways, creating very different experiences for different groups of people.
Gender, race, class, sexuality, geography, etc. Intersect and interact
Ethnoculture
cultural influences on the ethnic groups to which we belong
Gender equality
individuals or groups treated and perceived differently based on their gender
Eugenics and Buck vs. Bell
Eugenics movement: believes that humanity could be improved by encouraging better people to have more children while decreasing births among the unfit
Buck vs. Bell: the Supreme Court even held that states had the right to sterilize individuals thought unfit to have children
Glass ceiling
both obvious and invisible barriers to advancement that are faced by women and minorities at work.
Restaurant industry, fewer women in computer science
The motherhood penalty vs. the fatherhood bonus
The motherhood penalty: the systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood.
The fatherhood bonus: Fathers’ paychecks sometimes even increase from being a parent.
Aquatintance rape
rape of sexual assualt that occurs between people who already know each other
victim blaming
when survivors are viewed as responsible fort their own assaults
Proxy violence
harming or threatening to harm someone else, like a child, other loved one, or even a pet, if the victim tries to leave
reproductive coercion
forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from vio-lence to contraceptive sabotage (tampering with birth control to make it less effective)
financial abuse
preventing the vic-tim from working or restricting their access to money they’ve earned
Conservatorship
may be granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia
Androcentric
focusing on the experience of men
Colonialism
one country politically and economically controls the people and resources of another geographical area
The jezebel caricature vs. brute caricature
The jezebel caricature: portrayed Black wom-en as highly sexual and “lusty
Brute caricature: portrayed Black men as savage sexual predators
social control
the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interaction, values and worldviews, and laws.
medicalized
a process in which society understands or defines a problem in medical terms.
Example: erectile disfunction
Phallocentrism
a worldwide that centers masculinity in both sexual acts and society more broadly
Abstinence only vs. comprehensive sex education
abstinence-only sex education: students are taught that absti-nence is expected of them
Comprehensive sex education: generally “stresses the importance of waiting to have sex” while offering information about how contra-ception works, so students can avoid unwanted pregnancies and sex-ually-transmitted infections
Race
a system that humans created to classify and stratify groups of people based mostly on skin tone and other phenotypic characteristics
It is a social construct: a concept that humans invested in and gave meaning to understand or justify some dimensions of the social world (skin tone as a measure of inequality)
ethnicity
refers to common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people
People of different racial groups can belong to the same ethnic group
Eugenics
the idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans, led to forced sterilization of groups of people labeled as unfit to reproduce
Phenotype
The set of our visible features or characters
Like skin color, hair, and eye
Types of Bias: Implicit, explicitly, and internalized
Implicit bias: the subconscious positive or negative association in our minds between seemingly unrelated things such as racial groups and positive or negative attribute
Explicitly bias: bias that we are openly and consciously aware of
Opening favoring or disfavoring racial groups
Internalized bias: when a person belonging to a marginalized racial group associates their own group with negative evaluations
Stereotypes vs. prejudice
Stereotypes: widely-shared perceptions about the personal characteristics, tendencies, or abilities of members of a particular group, like intelligence, personality, physical features, preferences, aggressiveness of criminality
Example: Irish are rowdy drunks, Asians are studious and good at math
Prejudices: preconceived beliefs, attitudes and opinions about members of a group
Group threat theory: argues that prejudices grow stronger if we begin to think of another group id we begin to think of another group as an economic-political or cultural threat
Ultimate attribution error
a tendency to perceive undesirable characteristics or behaviors exhibited by members of another group as an innate or inherent part of their personality or essence
cognitive dissonance
a psychological state in which our preexisting ideas do not match what we see with our own eyes
contact theory
helps explain how interactions with members of other groups affect prejudice
racial discrimination - negative vs. postive
Negative racial discrimination: unfavorable and unjust treatment of a person based on their racial group membership
Positive discrimination: efforts used to rectify historical and contemporary forms of negative discrimination
institutional racism
the ways that core institutions, like the law, education, and labor market, are embedded with racial biases and practiced that represent racial inequality
jim crow
a period in American history between the end of Reconstruction (following the Civil War) and the end of the Civil Rights Movement, where various laws were put into place to enforce racial segregation
civil rights movement
a large-scale, black-led, social movement in the 1950s-60s centered around protest, civil disobedience, and legal battles that laid the groundwork for major advances in voting and civil rights
affirmative action
policies to programs that sought to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity now
reparations
recognition of compensation (typically financial) for past harm against specific people or groups of people
immigration selectivity
the process whereby people who immigrate to the US from certain countries have a unique demographic profile compared to the people who stayed behind in their home countries
life expectancy
a statistical measure of how long people can expect to live on average
The gap between white and black people has been shrinking over time