Growth & Development- Chapter 6

Prenatal Influences on Healthy Development

Arrange the following process and developments in proper order.

Fertilization, zygote formation, embryo formation, implantation, fetus formation, viability.

1st Trimester

acceptance or denial of pregnancy

2nd Trimester

wishes for specific sex of infant, imagining special features of infant, plan for home or hospital delivery, hope for future of infant

3rd Trimester

infant care skills and equipment needed, concern for parenting skills, breast feeding skills, fear of birth pain

To promote growth and development of the neonate, which of the following features of an overhead mobile are important to include?

Move across the field of vision, be viewed from below the mobile, contain contrasting colors

Which of the following information is essential to include when teaching a client about conception?

Sperm lives 5 days after ejaculation, ova lives 24 hours after ovulation, neural tube development of fetus starts 3 weeks after fertilization, prenatal vitamin education.

Which of the following information is optional/interesting to include when teaching a client about conception?

implantation of fertilized egg into uterus occurs in 7 days after fertilization. The sperm contains both x and y chromosomes, at 20 weeks’ gestation fetus may be viable

Which of the following activities should be encouraged to promote bonding with the neonate?

holding the infant in an en face position, skin to skin contact in the first hour after birth, allowing older siblings to assist with caretaking, breastfeeding

Genome

is a complete set of DNA that is contained in all cells.

Chromosome

is a thread of protein and DNA that is contained in the nucleus of every cell.

Genetic code

instructions contained in a gen that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

Allele

Hereditary is controlled by pairs of genes from both parents. This pairing of genes is called allele.

Dominant gene

will overpower a recessive gene most of the time.

Mutated

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell.

Syndrome

group of symptoms or signs of an abnormal condition.

Genetic counseling

*Communication between a geneticist and parents to discuss an infant’s risk of inheriting genes that could result in an abnormality.

*Therapeutic genes can repair defective DNA

*Suicide genes can be programmed to destroy defective genes

*Pure genes can replace a missing gene.

Gene Therapy

*Placing a therapeutic gene on the back of a virus vector:

Virus enters specific cells in the body

Carries the new gene into the cell that has a missing or defective gene.

*Ethical, social, and legal aspects.

Conception

Occurs when sperm penetrates the ovum as it enters the upper portion of the woman’s fallopian tube.

Zygote

Ectopic pregnancy

Fetus

Gestation

Viability

Dizygotic

*Fraternal twins

*Two ova are released at ovulation, and each ovum is fertilized by a separate sperm.

*May or may not be the same sex, and they are as alike as any siblings.

Monozygotic

*Identical twins

*One single fertilized ovum separates into two separate embryos

*Will be of the same sex and will be genetically identical

Microbiomes

*Play an important role in normal physiology, development and health.

*Exchanges of microbiomes between mother and infant before and after birth is related to the health and disease of the infant later in life.

*Maintenance of health and the level of immunity to disease are influenced by microbiomes acquired during fetal development and newborn experiences.

Three phases of parental development

*Response to discovering that conception has occurred.

*Reality of pregnancy becomes evident with fetal movement and ultrasound

*Plans for the actual birth of the baby

The newborn infant

*Physiological changes occur in the infant’s body to enable it to adjust to life outside of the uterus after the umbilical cord is cut.

*Infant is dried and placed in a pre-warmed bed, and the head is covered to minimize heat loss until the infant can stabilize its own body temperature.

*Bonding and attachment between parents and newborn (en face position, skin-to-skin contact, older siblings like caretaking, breastfeeding)