Biology - Intro to Genetics - Test

What happens when genes are separated?

Gametes are formed

What is non-mendelian genetics?

Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, some traits are controlled by one or more genes

What is Incomplete Dominance?

When one allele is not completely dominant over another.

Is this incomplete dominance or codominance?

Is this incomplete dominance or codominance?

What is Codominance?

When both traits are fully expressed

Describe the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.

Incomplete dominance, the offsprings are a blend. In codominance, both traits are expressed.

What does it mean to have "multiple alleles?"

To have more that 2 alleles.

What is the most common display of multiple alleals?

Codominance

What is a good example of multiple allele inheritance?

Blood type, there are 4 possible phenotypes

What are the 4 types of blood?

A, B, AB, O

What defines each type of blood?

Surface antigens

What makes blood type O different?

It has no surface antigens.

What are the 3 alleles for blood type?

I^A, I^B, i

What does genotype I^A I^A result in?

Blood type A

What does genotype I^A i result in?

Blood type A

What does genotype I^B I^B result in?

Blood type B

What does genotype I^A I^B result in?

Blood type AB, universal recipitant

What does genotype ii result in?

Blood type O, universal donor

What is the most common blood type?

O+

What is the 2nd most common blood type?

A+

What determines whether blood type is positive or negative?

Antigen D

What are traits controlled by 2 or more genes called?

Polygenic traits

Where can polygenic genes be located?

Along the same chromosome or on a different chromosome

What is skin color in humans controlled by?

Polygenic trait controlled by more than 4 genes

How are differences in genetics portrayed?

Shape of eyes, shape of nose, hair color, and the resemblance of your parents. These are called traits.

How many chromosomes does a fruit fly have?

8

What is the symbol for males?

♂

What is the symbol for females?

♀

What are homologous chromosomes?

2 sets or one pair of chromosomes that are genetically identical

What is a cell containing both sets of homologous chromosomes called?

diploid

What is the symbol for a a diploid?

2n

What are haploids?

Cells that only have one set of chromosomes

What is the symbol for haploids?

n

What are gamates?

Sex cells

What is meiosis?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the normal amount of chromosomes (n)

How many cells does meiosis produce?

4 cells

What happens before meiosis?

The chromosomes are replicated (S Phase)

What are the 2 parts of meiosis?

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

What is a tetrad?

2 pairs of homologous chromosomes attached to one another, so 4 chromatids total

What happens in Prophase I?

Each chromosome joins with its homologous pair to form a tetrad, then they exchange their chromatids in a process called crossing-over

What are chromosomes called after they cross over?

They are called alleles.

What is a tetrad of alleles called? (When chromatids have crossed over but they are still together)

Recumbent chromosomes

What happens in Metaphase I?

Pairs of homologous chromosomes randomly line up along the middle of the equator and connect to spindle fibers. This mixes up the chromosome combinations.

What happens in Anaphase I?

The spindle fibers pull the homologous chromosomes of the tetrad toward the opposite side end of the cell, but the sister chromatids stay attached to one another. (One chromosome gets transferred to each cell)

What happens in Telophase I and cytokenesis?

Nuclear membranes form, the cell separates into 2 cells, and the 2 cells made by meiosis I have different chromosome alleles that are different from each other.

What happens after Telophase I and cytokenesis?

The cell does not go through interphase again because they have all the chromosomes needed to divide again.

What happens in Metaphase II?

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

What happens in Anaphase II?

Sister chromatids are separated and move to other ends of the cell.

What happenes in Telophase II and cytokenesis?

Meiosis results in 4 haploid (n) daughter cells.

What does meiosis produce for male animals?

4 equal sized gametes called sperms

How does a sperm move?

Flagellum tail

What are the parts of a sperm?

The head, where there is tightly packed DNA, and the tail, which is powered by its own mitochondria in the middle piece.

What does meiosis produce in most female animals?

4 eggs, one egg is kept where most of the organelles, cytoplasm, and nutrients are sent. The other 3 are called polar bodies and are eventually broken down

How is meiosis different from mitosis?

Mitosis results in 2 genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells.

Where is meiosis used?

How sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes

Where is mitosis used?

Asexual reproduction

What are somatic cells?

Body cells, diploids

What are all sex cells?

Haploids

List the type of cell (diploid, haploid): Liver cell

diploid, somatic cell

List the type of cell (diploid, haploid): Egg cell

haploid, gamete

List the type of cell (diploid, haploid): Sperm Cell

haploid, gamate

List the type of cell (diploid, haploid): Lung cell

diploid, somatic cell

Who started the study of heredity?

An Australian Monk named Gregor Mendel

What is the process where sperm and egg cells join together?

Fertilization

What is the product of fertilization?

New cell (diploid)

What are most plants? (Hint: Eggs and sperms in same flower)

Self-polinating

What is produced by self-polination?

Seeds that inherit all of the characteristics from the plant that bore them

What does true-breeding mean?

parents produce offsprings that are identical to themselves

What is the P Generation?

The parental generation, the original pair of true-breeding plants

What is the F1 Generation?

The first filial, or the offsprings of the parental generation.

What is the first concept mendel made to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern?

Alternate versions of genes account of variation in inherited characteristics (new alternates are called alleales)

What does each gene reside at?

A specific locus on a specific chromosome

What is the 2nd concept mendel made to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern?

For each characteristic an organism inherits, there are 2 alleles, one from each parent.

How many alleles do you need for 1 trait?

2 alleles

Why do you need 2 alleles for one trait?

One from mom, one from dad

What is the 3rd concept mendel made to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern?

If 2 alleles at a locus differ, then one (dominant allele) determines the organism's appearance and the other (recessive) has no noticeable effect on appearance.

What is the 4 concept mendel made to explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern?

Known as the law of segregation, it states that the 2 alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. This happens during anaphase.

What are homozygous alleles?

2 identical alleles (TT, tt)

What are heterozygous alleles?

2 different alleles (Tt), they are hybrid for a particular trait

What is a genotype?

The set of alleles that an individual has for a trait

What is a phenotype?

The physical appearance of a character/trait, think physical, phenotype

Be able to label a flower, including its male and female parts.

What is cross-polination?

Cut away male parts from the plant and dust a different color flower with the pollen

Why did Mendel cross-polinate?

So that he could produce plants that had 2 different color parents

What is cross breeding?

Producing an offspring with 2 genetically different parents

Gametes are formed by the process of what?

Meiosis

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces...

Gamates

A sperm cell of a species of insect has 22 chromosomes, what is the diploid chromosome number for this species?

44

What can be said about a pair of chromosomes if they are the same length, contain the same genes, and the centromere is located in the same place?

homologous

How many chromosomes are in the body cells of an organism that has a haploid number of 8?

16

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

During meiosis 1 spindle fibers extending from the centrioles attach to what?

centromeres

A haploid cell that is unable to be fertilized is called...

Polar body

During crossing over, genetic material is exchanged between...

non-sister chromatids

Mitosis involves the separation of only sister chromatids while meiosis involves...

Separation of homologous chromosomes as well as sister chromatids

Multicellular organisms like animals use mitosis for growth development, and...

repair

3 multiple choice options

If 2n has a total on 22 chromosomes how many daughter cells will have 11 chromosomes?

None

What 2 parts of the flower are involved in pollination

Stigma and anther

Fertilization is a result of...

When a 2n and a haploid are joined together