Abnormal: Anxiety, OCD, Trauma

Separation Anxiety Disorder

This disorder involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least three symptoms

Separation Anxiety Disorder

This disorder involves recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures, persistent excessive fear of being alone, and repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separated from attachment figures occurs or is anticipated

4 Weeks

Separation Anxiety Disorder must last at least __ in children

6 Months

Separation Anxiety Disorder must last at least __ in adults

Separation Anxiety Disorder

This disorder is most common most common at three ages: 5-7 (starting school), 10-11 (changing schools, social anxiety), and 14-16 (social anxiety, depression, or other disorder with poor prognosis)

Separation Anxiety Disorder

This anxiety disorder often manifests as school refusal

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Children with this disorder often come from close, warm families; it is often precipitated by a major life event like a death, divorce, or move

Separation Anxiety Disorder

The primary goal of treating this disorder is to address school refusal to avoid academic, social, and other secondary impairments

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Treatment for this disorder includes systematic desensitization or other behavioral interventions, as well as cognitive approaches (for older children and adolescents), such as identifying and replacing negative self-statements

Specific Phobia

This disorder is characterized by intense fear of or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., heights, flying, injections, etc.) with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress

6

Symptoms of Specific Phobias must last at least __ months

Violence

Which of the following is NOT a subtype of Specific Phobia: Animal, Natural Environment, Blood-Injection-Injury, Violence, Situational

Two-Factor Theory

This theory by Mower (1947) attributes phobias to avoidance conditioning (combination of classical and operant conditioning), in which people learn to fear a neutral stimulus, with avoidance reinforcing the fear and preventing extinction

GABA

Phobias are associated with abnormal levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and __

Fainting

Blood-injection-injury phobias are often associated with the physical symptom of __

Behavioral

Phobias are often treated with exposure with response prevention, as well as cognitive and __ strategies

Social Anxiety Disorder

This disorder is characterized by intense fear of or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others

6 Months

Symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder must last a minimum of __

Social Anxiety Disorder

A person with this disorder has a fear of exhibiting symptoms that will be negatively evaluated; exhibits avoidance (or endures with intense fear or anxiety); and has fear/ anxiety that is not proportionate to the situation

Social Anxiety Disorder

This disorder is often common with public speaking, attending parties, initiating conversations, and speaking to authority figures

Behavioral Inhibition

This is a temperament trait characterized by social avoidance and fear of unfamiliar people and situations; it is a contributing factor in Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Treatment for this disorder often involves exposure with response prevention, especially when combined with social skills training and/or cognitive restructuring

Social Anxiety Disorder

Medications used to treat this disorder include SSRI, SNRI, or beta-blockers (propranolol – good for physical anxiety and performance anxiety)

Panic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks with at least one panic attack being followed by at least one month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or about their consequences (and/or a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack)

False

True or False: If a person has recurring panic attacks for at least one month, they meet criteria for Panic Disorder

1 Month

Symptoms of Panic Disorder must be present for at least __

Panic Attack

This is an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and involves at least four symptoms [i.e., palpitations or racing heart, sweating, trembling, feelings of choking, chest pain or discomfort, paresthesia (skin sensations like “pins and needles”), derealization or depersonalization, and fear of losing control]

Panic Disorder

A provider diagnosing this condition must rule out medical conditions that can produce similar symptoms, such as hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia, etc.

2-3

The 12-month prevalence of Panic Disorder in adolescents and adults is around _-_ %

True

True or False: Women are 2x more likely than men to be diagnosed with Panic Disorder

False

True or False: Children are diagnosed with Panic Disorder around as frequently as adults

Panic Disorder

Children are rarely diagnosed with this disorder, likely due to a cognitive inability to make catastrophic interpretations of their physical symptoms

Panic Control Therapy (PCT)

This is a brief treatment that incorporates psychoeducation, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, and interoceptive exposure for Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

Medications used for this disorder include imipramine and other TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and benzos. However, odds of relapse are high (30-70% after stopping meds) when used alone

Agoraphobia

This disorder is characterized by marked fear or anxiety about at least two of the following: Using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces, standing in line or being part of a crowd, and being outside the home alone

Agoraphobia

This disorder involves fear and avoidance due to concerns that escape may be difficult or help would be unavailable in case they develop panic-like, incapacitating, or embarrassing symptoms

6 Months

Symptoms of Agoraphobia must last at least __

Specific Phobia

This disorder is more likely when a person’s fear is specific to one situation (e.g., being in a crowd due to fears of a mass shooting)

Social Anxiety Disorder

When compared to Agoraphobia, this disorder is more likely when a person’s distress increases in the presence of a family member or friend and the fear is about being scrutinized

True

True or False: Graded and ungraded in vivo exposure can both be helpful for Agoraphobia, but ungraded is more helpful in the long-term

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This disorder is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry about multiple events or activities that are relatively constant, with the person finding it difficult to control

6 Months

Symptoms of GAD must be present for at least __

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This disorder must include at least three of the following: Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances

True

True or False: Around 50% of people with an anxiety disorder have at least one additional disorder

Depression

This is the most common comorbidity with anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This has the highest comorbidity rate of all the anxiety disorders

90

In their lifetime, __% of people who have had GAD will have another lifetime diagnosis

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

For children and adolescents, the focus of this disorder is often performance in school and sports, earthquakes, tornados, and other disasters

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

For young adults, the focus of this disorder is usually work, family, finances, and the future

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

For older adults, the focus of this disorder is usually health and routine matters

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Medications for this disorder include SSRIs, SNRIs, and if those prove ineffective, benzos or Buspar

OCD

This disorder is characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment

Obsessions

These are persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that a person experiences as intrusive and unwanted—and that they attempt to ignore or suppress. In most cases, these cause distress/ anxiety (e.g., thoughts about contamination and doubts about one’s actions)

Compulsions

These are repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform either in response to a thought or according to rigid rules. The goal is to reduce distress or prevent a dreaded situation from happening (but they are excessive or illogical), such as handwashing, praying, and counting

OCD

Specifiers for this disorder include the person’s level of insight and whether or not there are tics present

1.2

The 12-month prevalence is around __% for OCD

OCD

While women are slightly more affected by this disorder, the earlier onset in males makes it more common among boys than girls

OCD

Manifestations of this disorder include low levels of serotonin, over-activity in the right caudate nucleus (which converts sensory input into cognitions and actions), and other areas like the orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex (which mediate emotional reactions)

OCPD

Unlike in OCD, this disorder involves rituals that are related to perfectionism (not to anxiety). Similarly, it does not involve obsessions or compulsions—but a preoccupation with orderliness and control

OCD

Treatments for this disorder include exposure with response prevention and clomipramine (TCA) or SSRI medications; exposure is supplemented with thought-stopping or other interventions that target obsessions

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a preoccupation with a defect or flaw in appearance (e.g., spots on the skin, excessive facial hair, etc.) that appears minor or is unobservable to others

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

This disorder involves the performance of repetitive behaviors or mental acts because of the defect or flaw (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, etc.), with significant distress or impairment in functioning

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

People with this disorder often seek plastic surgery or other medical treatment as “correction”

Hoarding Disorder

This disorder involves persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value due to a need to save the items or to distress associated with parting with them

Hoarding Disorder

This disorder causes living areas to be cluttered to the extent that areas are not usable, with symptoms causing significant distress or impairment

Reactive Attachment Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance. This must be related to experiences of extreme insufficient care.

Reactive Attachment Disorder

This disorder requires at least two of the following: Minimal social and emotional responsiveness to other people; limited positive affect; and episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness when interacting with adult caregivers

5 Years; 9 Months

Symptoms of Reactive Attachment Disorder must be present before age _ but cannot be diagnosed before age _

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

This disorder is characterized by a pattern of behavior that involves inappropriate interactions with unfamiliar adults due to experiences of extreme insufficient care.

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

This disorder requires at least two of the following: Reduced or absence of reticence in approaching or interacting with unfamiliar adults; Overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults; Diminished or absence of checking with an adult caregiver after venturing away from them; Willingness to accompany an unfamiliar adult with little or no hesitation

9

Children with Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder must be at least _ months old

False

True or False: Watching events on TV or on social media can meet criteria for PTSD

PTSD

This disorder is characterized by intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative changes in mood and cognition, and changes in arousal and reactivity for more than one month

True

True or False: Symptoms of PTSD can start more than 6 months after the event

PTSD

For children with this condition, there is only a need for avoidance or negative changes in mood or cognition (not both)

True

True or False: The criteria for PTSD differs for adults and children

1

For a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in children, anxiety and worry must involve _ or more characteristic symptoms.

Return to School Immediately

Generally, when treating a child with anxiety-based school refusal, the initial intervention should be to:

ERP

The treatment-of-choice for Agoraphobia is ordinarily _

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

This is a controversial intervention given to all those who experienced trauma within 72 hours of the event; research shows that it may make symptoms worse

Exposure

The beneficial effects of EMDR are likely related to _ and non-specific factors rather than eye movement

Acute Stress Disorder

The diagnosis of this disorder is similar to PTSD; however, symptoms last three days to one month

Adjustment Disorder

This disorder is characterized by the development of emotional or behavioral problems in response to one or more identifiable psychosocial stressors within three months of the onset of the stressor

Adjustment Disorder

Symptoms of this disorder must remit within six months of the stressor or its consequences

Adjustment Disorder

Specifiers for this disorder include with depressed mood, with anxiety, with mixed anxiety and depressed mood, with disturbance of conduct, with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct, and unspecified

Prolonged Grief Disorder

This disorder is characterized by intense yearning or longing for the deceased and preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased; it occurs when the death happened at least 12 months ago (or 6 months for children)

Prolonged Grief Disorder

This disorder involves at least three of the following on most days to a clinically significant degree: Identity disruption, marked sense of disbelief about the death, avoidance of reminders that the person is dead, intense emotional pain, difficulty reintegrating into relationships and activities, emotional numbness, feeling that life is meaningless, and intense loneliness. These symptoms must exceed the norms for one’s culture.