photo synthesis

how GALP converted to proteins

GALP converted into {hexose / glucose / sugar} (1) • amino acids made from {hexose / glucose / sugar} and nitrates (1) • amino acids joined by {peptide bonds / condensation reactions} (1) • glucose respired to produce ATP for protein synthesis (1)

how light energy is converted to ATP

light is absorbed by {photosystems / chlorophyll} (1) • which (excites electrons / releases high-energy electrons / releases electrons to higher energy levels} (1) • these electrons are passed along a series of (electron) carriers (1) • therefore releasing energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP (cyclic)(1) • phosphorylation of ADP via the proton gradient to form ATP (non-cyclic)

action spectrum

the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

role of photolysis in non cyclic photophosphorylation

to split water (1) • electrons replace those lost by {photosystems /PSI / PSII / chlorophyll}(1) • (hydrogen ions / H* / protons) involved in formation of NADPH (1)

biodiversity

number of (different) species (1) genetic diversity within a species (1)

role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

absorb light energy so that electrons are {excited / released} (1) • to synthesise ATP and reduced NADP (1)

Suggest why different concentrations of chlorophyll were obtained using these two different solvents.

chlorophylls have different solubility in different solvents (1) • because the chlorophylls have different structures (1) • different solvents can {permeate / dissolve / disrupt} (cell / chloroplast) membranes differently (1)

role of light energy in light-dependant reactions

• to {release / excite} electrons (from chlorophyll) (1)

• so that electrons can be used in {chemiosmosis / (photo) phosphorylation
  } (1)

• photolysis to {replace electrons lost by chlorophyll /provide protons for formation of reduced NADP
  (1)

• to produce ATP and reduced NADP for the {light-independent reactions / Calvin Cycle}
  (1)

why light energy stored as atp

because ATP is the source of energy for (plants / all living organisms}(1) because light energy cannot be used (directly) (1) • ATP is needed in the {light-independent reactions/ Calvin cycle} toconvert GP into GALP (1)

Explain the role of light energy in the light-dependent reactions.

to {release / excite} electrons (from chlorophyll) (1) • so that electrons can be used in {chemiosmosis / (photo) phosphorylation } (1) • photolysis to {replace electrons lost by chlorophyll /provide protons for formation of reduced NADP (1) • to produce ATP and reduced NADP for the {light-independent reactions / Calvin Cycle} (1)

compare and contrast outer chlöoroplast membrane and thylakoid

Similarities: • both {consist of phospholipid bilayer / contain phospholipids} (1) • both have proteins (1) Differences: • thylakoid membrane has ATP synthase but outer membrane does not (1) • thylakoid membrane has {chlorophyll / carotenoids / lightabsorbing pigments / PS I / PS Il} but outer membrane does not (1) • thylakoid membrane has electron carriers but outer membrane does not (1)

how q10 for photosynthesis can be calculated

chromatograph production (3)

antibiotics dissolved in a solvent (1)

(then) antibiotics loaded onto the {filter

paper / origin} (1)

ACCEPT named solvent e.g.water, ethanol

ACCEPT added to the filter paper / chromatogram /

TLC plate / other appropriate medium

IGNORE onto glass

ACCEPT named solvent

• filter paper (then) dipped into solvent

• (below the origin) (1)

• and (then) left to run until the leading edge is near end of filter paper) (1)

role of light dependent products in calvin cycle

GP is formed once carbon dioxide has bound to RuBP in the Calvin cycle (1) • and ATP is required to provide energy to convert GP to GALP (1) • and reduced NADP is used to reduce GP to GALP (1)

why no carbon fixation at night

light intensity was low (1) • so {less / no} photosynthesis was taking place (1) • glucose was being used (1) • because respiration was taking place (1)

why a decrease can happen in carbon fixation throught the day

light intensity falls (1) • so less ATP is generated from light-dependent reaction (1) • temperature falls (1) • so enzymes are working slower (1)

t test degrees of freedom

(n1 + n2) - 2

spearmans rank

n

chi squared

n-1