SOC- race and ethnicity FINAL exam

The rise of the American prison after slavery

Ideas of crime and justice were not created equally

The law allowed nonwhites to be dehumanized

Freedom for most at the expense of some

Justice system forged

Lynch Mob

Racial terrorism

Controlled nonwhites

White supremacy

Vagebond Laws

Criminalized poverty

Convict leasing

State prisons leased incarcerated people to private companies (neo-slavery)

Racial terrorism

Violence was carried out to enforce racial hierarchy

The prison boom (civil war and 1970s)

Policy-driven, not crime-driven

Disproportionately impacted nonwhites

Racial characteristics of American prisoners

Mostly Latinos and Blacks during prison boom

The likelihood of imprisonment by race

Both dropped out of high school

White man = 11%

Black man = 60%

Increased severity of sentencing and reasoning for the increase

Longer sentencing

Three-strikes

War on Drugs, Fear of rising crime

Tough on crime stances and connection to racism and racialized social control

Policy creating harsh punishments, policing, and sentences

Follow ideas that were used to discipline communities of color

Fear of crime and its relationship to racism

Overestimates the criminality of nonwhites and underestimates of white people

Historical roots to slavery, media reinforcement

Immigrants and crime

45% Americans think immigrants make more dangerous

But really make more safer

Drug Trafficking

Transpory illegal drugs

Mass incarceration of nonwhites

Was on Drugs

Mass Incarceration

Due to stricter policies targeting nonwhite communities

What is the New Jim Crow: How does the New Jim Crow relate to other symptoms

Racialized social control, like mass incarceration in communities of color

What is the New Jim Crow: War on Drugs

Extra policing and brutality

What is the New Jim Crow: Disparities between drug use and drug sentencing

Use occurred in both communities; black communities were targeted

Sentencing disparities

Disproportionately punish black and brown people

Three-strikes

Facts about Incarceration: Does it make us safer?

No

Crime rates didn't go up, just became stricter

Aggrieved entitlement

White men feel deprived of the status or power they believe they should have

How masculinity helps explain racism and anti-immigration sentiment

Dominance and authority create aggression

How and why did the KKK develop

White Americans didn't like that slaves were being freed

To resist reconstruction and to maintain white supremacy

How do the growth of white nationalist groups and the KKK parallel one another

Both want white supremacy

They emerged because of the threatened power of race

How integration led to ethnic nationalism

Dominant white communities were forced to share

Seen as a threat to status, creating ethnic nationalism

What role did the end of slavery play in the development of associations

Both freed black communities and white communities responded by forming associations to protect their identities

Black Nationalism: Successes

Cultural empowerment

Community programs

Economic initiatives

National and global influence

Black Nationalism: Failures

Internal divisions

Government repression

Limited reach

Controversial ideology

Dependency on charismatic leaders

Black Nationalism: Key features

A political, social, and cultural movement advocating for self-determination, unity, and empowerment of Black people

Racial variation in civic participation and the reasons for this variation

White Americans have the highest voting turnout

Barriers: literacy tests and gerrymandering, Etc.

Homophily in whom we associate with its consequences

refers to associating with people you perceive to be like you

Segregation continues today

Boundary work

Multiple ways in which people create, uphold, and traverse social boundaries that separate familiar from unfamiliar, welcome from unwelcome, ("us" from "them")

What is identity politics?

Political action intended to address the unique interests of historically oppressed groups.

How can nonaction on issues of racial equality be viewed in the context of identity politics?

As a form of identity politics that supports the white majority.

What is political correctness? Why is it so controversial?

Discoourse that, while designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups, ends up censoring certain speech or attitudes deemed off-limits

Hate Crimes: What motivates these groups?

Having their power and control threatened

Anger-- motivated bias

Hate Crimes: How do they operate?

Target specific groups and commit a crime that will impact the whole group, not just the individual

Hate Crimes: Race as a zero-sum game

One person's gain is another person creating a loss

Hate Crimes: Who joins hate crimes

Mostly white males who feel like their power is threatened

Virtual racism

Racism that occurs or is amplified in digital spaces

Virtual empowerment

using digital spaces to promote social, political, or cultural empowerment

Digital divide

The gap between individuals or communities in access to technology, digital literacy, and online resources

Religious illiteracy

Lack of knowledge or understanding about the beliefs, practices, histories, and values of various religions

Religious intolerance

Hostility, discrimination, or prejudice against individuals or groups because of their religion

Reasons for religious homophily

Social and cultural comfort (shared morals)

Reinforcement of beliefs

Networking and community structures

Religious homophily

the tendency for individuals to associate, form relationships, or socialize with others who share the same religious beliefs

What is nativism

A political and social ideology that prioritizes the interests, culture, and rights of native-born or established inhabitants of a country over those of immigrants

Why were immigration laws developed during the period of 1790-1924

Economic competition

Racial and Ethnic Prejudice

Cultural concerns

Political pressure

Why were immigration laws developed during 1924-1964

Preserve "American" identity

Racial and Ethnic Hierarchy

Economic concerns

National security

Immigration and Control Act of 1986 (the political motivation for this act): legalization

Granted legal status to millions of undocumented immigrants who had been in the US continuously since January 1, 1982

Immigration and Control Act of 1986 (the political motivation for this act): Employer Sanctions

Made it illegal for employers to knowingly hire undocumented workers

Immigration and Control Act of 1986 (the political motivation for this act): Border Enforcement

Increased resources for border control to prevent illegal immigration in the future

Immigration Acts of 1996 (the political motivation for this act)

Illegal immigration reform

Antiterrorism

Why has nativism begun to rise in the 21st century

Economic issues (competition)

Cultural and demographic changes

Politics

Security concerns

Media influence

What is a naturalization test? What is its purpose?

An official exam administered by a government to determine whether a foreign national is eligible to become a citizen

Public versus private family (from lecture only)

Private: family beliefs behind "closed doors."

Public: how families interact with and are shaped by society

Function of family in colonial America ( from lecture only)

Economical, educational, and religious unit

The emergence of the "modern family" from 1776-1900

Smaller and more nuclear

Emotionally based

Child-centered

Nurturing and private

The rise of the private family from 1900 to the present

Greater gender equality

Personal fulfillment in relationships

Diverse forms

More privacy and emotional

How the Black family was shaped by slavery

Caused force separations

Limited parental authority

Blurring gender roles

How the black family changed immediately following emancipation (right after the Civil War)

Being reunited

Legalizing marriage

Changing gender roles

Education

Creating homes

Reproductive justice in the 20th and 21st centuries

Right to have a child

The right not to have a child

The right to raise children in safe, healthy environments

No forcing upon sterilization after slavery or in prisons

Interracial relationships during the colonial period and why this was less of an "issue."

Frequent

Demographic imbalances

Economic motivations

Flexible social hierarchies

Before racially defined slavery systems

Antimiscegenation laws and why they developed

Laws were discriminatory statutes that banned marriage and intimate relations between different races.

To uphold white supremacy and the slavery system by preventing biracial children from gaining free status and by controlling white women's sexuality.

Loving v. Virginia

Interracial marriages unconstitutional

How opinions in favor of interracial marriage differ from the number of people who actually marry outside of their race

Actual occurrences were low, with a significant spike after the Loving v. Virginia case

Trends in interracial marriage

After the court case, it started becoming more frequent, and approval ratings spiked, continuous rise after that

Groups with the highest rates of interracial marriages

Asians and Latinos

Cultural labor

The work done within the creative and cultural industries

Divorce rate for immigrants and by race

Higher divorce rates for nonwhite marriages and interracial marriages due to less in common and money issues

Frontstage versus backstage and how these distractions matter more for people of color

Front stage- person aligns with social norms and audience expectations

Backstage- where people can be themselves

The front stage often required a larger performance for people of color - code switching

Code switching

The practice of changing your speech, appearance, or behavior to adapt to different social contexts

Testing ( a strategy for interracial communication)

The strategies and skills needed to navigate differences

Confirmation bias and how it perpetuates racism

Making people believe information that confirms racial stereotypes

Intersectional identity

People have many overlapping traits that interact to create their unique selves

Colorblindness

The ideology that the best way to end discrimination is by treating everyone equally, ignoring race and ethnicity

Multiculturalism/ cosmopolitanism

Cultural groups coexisting with respect and autonomy, preserving cultural identities

Racial Democracy

A theoretical or historical term that unfairly applies legal and political rights based on race.

Racial change at the individual level

Can change the settings they inhabit with the deliberate aim of putting themselves in contexts that are more conducive to growth and enriched experience

Racial change at the interactional level

Four useful techniques can be deployed for holding people with racist beliefs accountable for their prejudice

Racial change at the institutional level

It will take much more than a single conversation or do diversity-training session to adequately address racism (society)

Change at the level of collective actions

Diverse groups uniting to challenge systemic racism and focus on shared goals

What does it mean to be an antiracist?

Actively working to challenge and dismantle racism by identifying racist ideas

Black nationalism

It is a political and cultural movement that emphasizes Black self-determination, unity, and pride. Argues that black people should control their own communities, institutions, and futures rather than relying on the "normal" white society.