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Alloy
A mixture of two or more metallic elements.
Concentration
A quantitative measure of the amount of solute in a solution.
Covalent Bond
A chemical bond in which atoms are held together by their mutual attraction for two or more shared electrons.
Covalent Compound
A substance, such as an element or a chemical compound, in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Dipole
A separation of charge that occurs in a chemical bond because of differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms.
Electron-Dot Structure
A shorthand notation of the noble gas shell model of the atom, in which valence electrons are shown as dots surrounding an atomic symbol. The electron-dot structure for an atom or ion is sometimes called a Lewis dot symbol, and the electron-dot structure for a molecule or polyatomic ion is sometimes called a Lewis structure.
Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons to itself when bonded to another atom.
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which the different components can be seen as individual substances. A mixture in which the components are so finely mixed that any one region of the mixture has the same ratio of substances as any other region; the components cannot be seen as identifiable individual substances.
Hydrogen Bond
An unusually strong dipole–dipole attraction between molecules that have a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.
Induced Dipole
A temporarily uneven distribution of electrons in an otherwise nonpolar atom or molecule.
Ion
An atom that has a net electric charge because of either a loss or gain of electrons.
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond created by an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged ions.
Ionic Compound
A chemical compound containing ions.
Metallic Bond
A chemical bond in which positively charged metal ions are held together within a “fluid” of loosely held electrons.
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own properties.
Mole
A large number equal to 6.02214076×10²³; usually used in reference to the number of atoms, ions, or molecules within a macroscopic amount of a material.
Molecule
The fundamental unit of a chemical compound, which is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Nonbonding Pairs
Two paired valence electrons that do not participate in a chemical bond.
Nonpolar
Description of a chemical bond or molecule that has no dipole; the electrons are distributed evenly.
Polar
Description of a chemical bond or molecule that has a dipole; the electrons are congregated on one side, which makes that side slightly negative while the opposite side (lacking electrons) becomes slightly positive.
Polyatomic Ion
A molecule that carries a net electric charge.
Precipate
A solute that has come out of solution.
Pure
The state of a material that consists of only a single element or compound.
Saturated Solution
A solution containing the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in its solvent.
Solubility
The ability of a solute to dissolve in a given solvent.
Soluble
Capable of dissolving to an appreciable extent in a given solvent.
Solution
A homogeneous mixture in which all components are in the same phase.
Solvent
The component in a solution that is present in the largest amount.
Suspension
A homogeneous mixture in which the various components are thoroughly mixed but remain in different phases.
Unsaturated Solution
A solution that is capable of dissolving additional solute.
Valence Electron
The electrons in the outermost occupied shell of an atom.
Valence Shell
The outermost occupied shell of an atom.
Note
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