Studied by 3 people
Myoglobin
A single subunit relative of hemoglobin
Myoglobin function?
Acts as reservoir in muscle tissues, releases oxygen at very low tissue concentrations
How does heat cause Hemoglobin to let go of oxygen more readily?
Heat causes enzyme shape change
How does Hemoglobin vary?
Between species
what is smooth muscle relaxation a function of?
membrane hyperpolarization
K, Cl, and Ca are used as…
ions that regulate water potential and regulate charge across the membrane
HONC
the 4 smallest elements capable of making 1,2,3, and 4 covalent bonds – respectively.
N,C,H,O,P,S
macromolecules
K, Ca, Cl
Water relations, 2° messengers, Ym control
Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Mg, Zn, Ni, B,Na
Metals, Excellent at ionic bonding: enzyme interactions and redox functions
concentration gradient
equilibrium potential
Uncoupler proteins are
the key to metabolic thermogenesis
Uncoupler activity raises…
the rate of electron transport activity without raising the rate of ATP synthesis
ATP levels are maintained by
regulation of PFK
Volume and cell number are both proportional to
Mass 3/3 or Mass 1
turgid guard cell function
open stomata
Where are menisci involved with transpiration found?
In the wall space of spongy parenchyma
Where does evaporation occur during transpiration?
In stomatal pores
There is no water vapor in air spaces under tension
Is water vapor in air spaces under tension?
Where is water vapor concentration highest during transpiration?
In the air spaces between spongy parenchyma
What is driving the potassium ion through a blue light-stimulated membrane?
Charge is the driving force
Is osmotic potential becoming more or less negative in a blue light stimulated cell?
more negitive
Is the pressure potential becoming more turgid or closer to flaccid in a blue light stimulated cell?
Becoming more turgid
Ions that are being co-transported through a blue light stimulated cell are
Cl- and H+
The proton pump of a blue light stimulated cell is being
activated
Does blue light hyperpolarize or depolarize the cell?
hyperpolarize
Does ABA increase or decrease the flow of Cl- out of the cell?
increase
Does ABA increase the flow of K+ out of the cell?
increases flow
Does ABA increase or decrease the flow of H+ out of the cell?
decreases flow
Does ABA increase or decrease the flow of water out of the cell?
increases flow
Does ABA increase the flow of Ca++ into or out of the cell?
into the cell
What is the inflection point of a graph?
The point of the pressure and osmotic potentials acting on fluid in a vessel.
How do you calculate flow rate?
velocity X cross-sectional area
How can you calculate osmotic potential of the blood?
Yo=Yoi-Yob
What is the definition of Km?
The amount of substrate needed for an enzyme to run at 1/2 Vmax.
What is the common "at rest" flow rate through the sum of all of the capillaries?
5 liters per minute
Blood flow rate in arteries is greater, less or equal to blood flow rate in veins
Equal
Which is greater, Blood pressure in arterioles or blood pressure in veins
arteries
Blood velocity in arteries is greater, less or equal to blood velocity in capillaries
greater
Concentration of solute in the blood is greater, less or equal to concentration of solute of interstitial fluid surrounding capillaries
greater
Noradrenaline is delivered from cells of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic
Noradrenaline is a…
neurotransmitter
The effect of noradrenaline is to______the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase
increase
An increase of the enzyme adenylate cyclase
What increases flow through Na+ channels, when Na+ channels are opened by a mechanism other than charge or concentration?
What is one thing pertaining to blood that is kept constant throughout the body?
blood flow rate
Do phloem cells have osmotic potential that is greater, less or equalto the interstitial fluid surrounding them?
greater
What is the source of the carbon dioxide that is moving from fruit into the leaf?
Kreb/citric acid cycle
What is a function of vessel cross sectional area?
blood velocity
How does fluid move to and from the capillary?
through gap structures between cells
Through which vessels do blood move with the lowest velocity?
capillaries
When an animal’s environmental temperature is eight degrees vs eighteen degrees, PFK activity is
higher
Guard cell K+ in channels causes:
Membrane depolarization/membrane hyperpolarization/Ca++/ACh/NA/ABA
Membrane hyperpolarization
Guard cell K+ out channels causes:
membrane depolarization/membrane depolarization/Ca++/ACh/NA/ABA
membrane depolarization
Active muscle tissue
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lowest in the vicinity of:
Name two allotters inhibitors of oxygen binding by hemoglobin:
H+ and CO2
Small quantities of CO:
Increase the affinity of Hemoglobin for oxygen
Lower the maximum carrying capacity of oxygen by hemoglobin
Which ion channel has a higher flow rate in an animal cell?
Potassium (versus sodium)
What force or forces are moving ions through the membrane at the time K+ is hyper polarizing the cell?
charge and concentration
What environmental condition causes HT-2 mutant plant leaves to be warmer than wild type leaves?
low CO2
What is the phenotype of a new HT1 gene mutation that causes the protein to work at a high rate all the time irrespective of environmental conditions?
Stomata open in all CO2 conditions
Where does most of a plants mass come from?
CO2
What does a Michaelis-Menton graph measure?
enzyme activity as a function of substrate concentration
the peak that enzyme activity reached
When the pH matches the pH of the cells from which the enzyme is derived.
If particles of solute move through a membrane, which way will water move?
water will exit from the cell (following solute)
What does the line of a regulator look like?
flat
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate is the amount of fuel spent by an animal at rest when no fuel is being spent to regulate temperature.
When does an animal switch to metabolic thermogenesis to generate heat?
At the lower critical temperature of the thermoneutral range.
Does metabolic thermogenesis increase the energy cost of metabolism to generate heat?
yes
Are endotherms temperature regulators or conformers?
regulators
Do animals change their body temperature set points as one aspect of cold acclimation?
yes, not always true, but if an animal hibernates, it will definitely change its body temperature set points.
How did scientists create mice that make uncoupler proteins in their hypothalamus
They altered the coding region of the uncoupler gene
Is ATP a substrate of PFK?
yes
Is ATP a competitive inhibitor of PFK?
yes
Is ATP an allosteric inhibitor of PFK?
yes
An increase/decrease of PFK activity leads to an increase in cellular ATP production
increase
An increase of PFK activity would be the result of an increase cytoplasmic concentration of:
AMP
AMP increases as ATP decreases: true/false
true
What acts as a negative feedback loop that preventions depletion of ATP levels?
AMP
Does UCP2 have a role in the cytoplasm?
No. It is mitochondrial membrane protein.
Mice engineered with the OREXIN::UCP2 construct have a body temperature that is <, > or = to the temperature of wild type animals?
Greater
Mice engineered with the OREXIN::UCP2 construct have an activity level that is <, >, or = to the activity level of wild type animals?
about the same
Mice engineered with the OREXIN::UCP2 construct have a food intake level that is <, >, or = to the food intake of Wild type animals?
about the same
Mice engineered with the OREXIN::UCP2 construct have a life span that is <, >, or = to the life span of wild type animals.
greater
What best describes the conditions that lead to excessive fat accumulation in mice livers?
Lack of UCP1 activity temperatures below the lower critical temperature.
Why do mice engineered to express the OREXIN::UCP2 construct cool down at night?
The construct is expressed in the hypothalamus and the uncoupler activity increases the local temperature.
Kleiber was trying to demonstrate his original hypothesis that basal metabolic rate scales in proportion to mass to the X exponent?
2/3
Kleiber instead discovered that BMR scales in proportion to mass to the X exponent?
3/4
The number of cells in an animal scale in proportion to the mass is:
equal to each other. Volume ^1 = mass ^1
bigger animals take up more space
The cellular BMR of animals scales in proportion to mass is to the x exponent?
-1/4. Bigger animals have more cells that EACH burn fewer calories
The surface area of animal scales in proportion to mass to the x exponent?
2/3
bigger animals have more surface area, but ratio shrink as organisms grow. SA/V. Elephants have small SA/V and mice have huge SA/V.
Heart rate to mass ratio:
-1/4
bigger animals have slower heart rate
(think babies to adults)
What are the components of a phytomer?
leaf, axillary bud, stem
A mutant lacking both CPC and GL2 would have % root epidermal cells that form hair?
100%
A CPC loss of function mutant phenotype would have % root epidermal cells that form hair?
zero
A 35s::WER construct into a glabra loss of function mutant would have % root epidermal cells that form hair?
100%
A double mutant plant lacking function versions of both WER and GL2 genes would have % root epidermal cells that form hair?
100%
Where is an apical bud found?
At the tip of any growing shoot or branch
WEREWOLF is a transcription factor that must outcompete CAPRICE for a place on the GLABRA gene in order for GLABRA to be expressed. If werewolf is over-expressed in a plant using a 35s::WEREWOLF construct, what will be the phenotype of the roots of that plant?
0% hair.
Werewolf turns on GLABRA. GLABRA turns OFF root hair formation. If WER is over-expressed using the 35s regulatory region, GLABRA will be made in all cells, so ALL root epidermal cells will be hairless.
An SCM loss of function mutant would make % root hairs than a wild type plant?
fewer
What can the pressure in plant cells be?
positive, negative or zero
