chem final

Chemical Reaction

A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance.

Double Replacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where two compounds exchange ions to form two new compounds.

Mole

A unit in chemistry that represents 6.022 x 10²³ representative particles (atoms, molecules, etc.).

Avogadro’s Number

6.022 x 10²³, the number of particles in one mole of a substance.

Percent Composition

The percentage by mass of each element in a compound.

Empirical Formula

The simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

Hydrate

A compound that includes water molecules bound within its structure.

Stoichiometry

The calculation of reactant and product quantities in a chemical reaction.

Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

Theoretical Yield

The maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactants.

Actual Yield

The amount of product actually obtained from a chemical reaction.

Percent Yield

A measure of the efficiency of a reaction, calculated as (Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) x 100.

Gas Laws

Equations that describe the relationship between volume, pressure, temperature, and amount of gas.

Molarity (M)

A measure of concentration, defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, calculated as -log[H⁺].

Conjugate Acid

The species formed when a base gains a proton (H⁺).

Conjugate Base

The species formed when an acid loses a proton (H⁺).

Oxidation

The process of losing electrons.

Reduction

The process of gaining electrons.

Intermolecular Forces

Forces of attraction between molecules.

Thermochemistry

The study of energy changes during chemical reactions.

Calorimeter

An instrument used to measure heat transfer in a chemical reaction.

Nomenclature

The naming of chemical compounds.

Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Saturated Solution

A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.

Supersaturated Solution

A solution that contains more solute than normally possible at a given temperature.

Neutralization Reaction

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base, producing a salt and water.

Polyatomic Ion

An ion composed of two or more atoms.

Ion-Dipole Interaction

A force between an ion and a polar molecule.

Ideal Gas Law

An equation of state for a gas, defined as PV = nRT.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs heat, resulting in a temperature decrease.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases heat, resulting in a temperature increase.