Pediatric Nephrology and Urology Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in pediatric nephrology and urology, particularly focused on urinary tract infections in children and relevant diagnostic information.

What is the prevalence of urinary tract infections in girls compared to boys?

3-8% of girls and 2% of boys will experience an episode of urinary tract infection.

What is a significant risk factor for urinary tract infections in children?

Being female is a significant risk factor.

What are common symptoms of cystitis in children?

Dysuria, urgency, and urinary frequency, but no fever.

What is the primary causative agent of urinary tract infections?

E. coli is responsible for about 90% of cases.

What kind of infection is characterized by fever and other systemic symptoms in the context of urinary tract infections?

Pyelonephritis is characterized by systemic symptoms like fever.

How is bacteriuria significant defined in the context of urine cultures?

Bacteriuria is significant if it shows more than 100,000 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter from a midstream urine sample.

What term describes the presence of bacteria in urine without clinical symptoms?

Asymptomatic bacteriuria.

What is a common risk factor for urinary tract infections related to bowel issues?

Constipation can facilitate the ascent of bacteria causing urinary tract infections.

When can you trust a negative result from a urine culture collected with a bag?

You can trust a negative result, but a positive result may not be reliable due to contamination risks.

What is the importance of treating urinary tract infections promptly in children?

Immediate treatment is crucial to prevent long-term complications such as renal scarring and chronic kidney disease.

Compare the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in prepubescent girls versus prepubescent boys, including specific statistics for each group.

The prevalence of urinary tract infections in prepubescent girls ranges from 3-8%, while the prevalence in prepubescent boys is approximately 2%.

Identify and explain the primary etiological agent responsible for urinary tract infections and its origin.

The primary etiological agent for urinary tract infections is typically Escherichia coli (E. coli), which originates from the gastrointestinal tract.

Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms by which bacteria invade the urinary tract leading to infection.

Bacteria adhere to the urothelium, evade host defenses, and multiply within the urinary tract, which leads to inflammation and infection.

List and elaborate on the atypical and classical symptoms presented during a urinary tract infection in pediatric patients.

Atypical symptoms may include abdominal or back pain and fever, while classical symptoms include dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and urgency.

Discuss the multifactorial approaches to preventing urinary tract infections in children, highlighting both behavioral and medical strategies.

Preventive measures encompass behavioral strategies such as proper hydration and hygiene, as well as medical strategies that might include prophylactic antibiotics in recurrent cases.