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Carrier (CF)
Cystic Fibrosis is a recessive gene. To be a carrier, you have to be heterozygous for the gene.
Covalent Bonds
Strong bonds that share electrons.
Dipolar
Two slight charges at opposite ends.
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds that can be very quickly broken and reformed.
Hydrophilic
Water-loving substance
Hydrophobic
Water-fearing substances
Ionic Bonds
Chemical bond that result from the transferring of electrons.
Monogenic
Traits or conditions that are controlled by a single gene (cystic fibrosis).
Polygenic
Traits or characteristics that are influenced by two or more genes.
SA:V
Surface area to volume ratio. It gives a comparison of how much of the interior of an object is in close contact with the exterior of an object.
Active Transport
Going against the concentration gradient; [low] → [high]
Amino Acid
The building blocks of polypeptides and proteins and play important roles in metabolic pathway, gene expression, and cell signal transduction regulation
A single organic amino acid molecule contains two functional groups – amine and carboxyl – and a unique side chain (R-Group).
Amphipathic
Contains both polar and non-polar regions
Antiporter
Move two different molecules in opposite directions (one into and one out of cell)
Carrier-Mediated Protein
A integral protein used in facilitated diffusion that only opens when needed.
Channel Protein
A integral protein used in facilitated diffusion that is constantly “open” for passage.
Condensation Reaction
Occurs when two molecules join to form a larger molecule and release a smaller molecule(s) in the process.
Each polypeptide formed in a polypeptide chain releases one water molecule (dehydration synthesis)
Crenation
The formation of abnormal notched surfaces on cells as a result of water loss through osmosis.
Diffusion
A type of passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
Domain (referring to proteins)
A distinct functional and structural unit within a protein that can fold independently from the rest of the protein chain.
Electrochemical Gradient
Different charges on two sides of membrane.
Fluid Mosaic Model
The structure of the plasma membrane as a dynamic and flexible arrangement of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It emphasizes that the membrane is not static but rather fluid, allowing components to move laterally within the layer, which is essential for various cellular functions.
Hypertonic
Solute concentration higher outside of cell; water (solvent) net movement is out of cell.
Hypotonic
Solute concentration higher inside cell; water (solvent) net movement into cell.
Isotonic
Solute concentration is equal on both side of membrane; no net movement of water (solvent)
Integral Protein
Protein molecules that are permanently attached to biological membranes.
Liposome
A small, spherical vesicle made up of one or more lipid bilayers, primarily composed of phospholipids. They are used in biology for drug delivery and can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, mimicking cell membranes.
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Micelle
A molecular aggregate formed from surfactant molecules in a liquid, where the hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads face outward and the hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails are sequestered in the center.
Monomer
The simplest unit or building block of a polymer, which can react with other monomers to form larger molecules. Common examples of biological monomers include amino acids for proteins, nucleotides for nucleic acids, and monosaccharides like glucose for carbohydrates.
Osmoconformer
Marine organisms that maintain an internal environment with osmotic pressure equal to that of their external environment, minimizing water movement into and out of their cells.
Osmoregulator
An organism that actively regulates its internal osmolarity, maintaining a constant balance of water and salts in its body fluids, regardless of the external environment.
Osmosis
The passive movement of solvent (water) across permeable membrane. Solvent move towards the higher solute concentration.
Passive Transport
With the concentration gradient;
[High] → [Low].
Peripheral Protein
A protein that is only sometimes associated within the membrane.
Plasmolysis
The process in which the protoplasm of a plant cell shrinks away from the cell wall due to water loss when the cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This occurs as water moves out of the cell through osmosis, leading to gaps between the cell wall and the plasma membrane.
Polymer
Large molecules made up of repeating units called monomers, which are essential for building biological structures and functions. Common examples include proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, all of which play crucial roles in living organisms.
Saturated (referring to fatty acids)
Every carbon in chain is bound (saturated) by hydrogen; no double bond. [Straight]
Solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.
Solvent
A substance, typically a liquid like water, that dissolves a solute to form a solution, allowing various biochemical reactions to occur.
Symporter
Move two different molecules, both in same direction (both into cell or both out of cell).
Unsaturated (referring to fatty acids)
Not all carbons are saturated by hydrogen, so do have double bond. [Crooked]
Chromosome
Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
Made up of one molecule of DNA & Protein
All somatic
Complementary Bonds / Chargaff's Rule
Complementary base pairing
Adenine and thymine in equal amounts in DNA
Cytosine and guanine amounts also equal
Chromatin
A complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Euchromatin
A loosely packed/condensed chromatin.
Actively being used to make proteins
Heterochromatin
A tightly packed/condensed chromatin
DNA is not being used to make proteins (silenced)
Gene
Portion of DNA used to make proteins
Homologous
Homologous chromosomes
Similar in shape, size, and gene content
Karyotype
A complete set of chromosomes in an individual organism's cells, visually presented as a photograph or diagram showing the number and appearance of chromosomes.
Mutation
A change in DNA or RNA sequence that is not fixed by the cell
Nucleosome
The fundamental units of chromatin, consisting of a segment of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins.
Contribute to the overall stability of the DNA molecule and help control access to genetic information.
Nucleotide
The basic unit or building block of DNA
Monomer
Consist of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and a phosphate group
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine
Pentose Sugar
Building block of a nucleotide
A five-carbon sugar
Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)
RNA —> 2’ - OH
DNA —> 2’ - H
Phosphodiester Bond
Strong covalent bond
Special chemical bond through carbon
Connects the sugar molecules in the backbone of nucleic acids
A condensation reaction between a hydroxyl group on one sugar molecule and a phosphate group on another sugar molecule.
Purine
One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides
Adenine and Guanine
“Aggies are pure and wear two rings throughout life.”
Pyrimidine
One of the two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
“Pies are circular like one ring, and you cut the pie.”