IPM - Integrated Pest Management

What do we provide?

shelter for breeding

R-Type production

many offspring, short time to mature (depending on temp outside), low parental input, able to adapt to unstable environ, low chance of offspring survival

K-Type production

fewer offspring, long time to mature, high parental input, high chance of offspring survival

Pest control

if you can’t identify which pest arthropod you have and where it breeds you will never be able to control it

if you don’t get rid of one, it will multiply in a month

Integrated pest management

ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pest or their damage

pesticides are only used after monitoring indicates they are needed - used accordingly to established guidelines and rotated appropriately

IPM techniques

biological control, breeding site removal, barriers to the animal, use of resistant breeds

IPM pyramid

toxicity/intervention (top)

chemical

biological

physical-mechanical

cultural

nontoxic/prevention (bottom)

Cultural control/sanitation

identify and remove breeding sites, always think food and water

BEST

Cultural control examples

clean stocks tanks, remove standing water, manure management, rotation of pastures, dung beetles!

Prescribed burning

studies in OK showed 40% reduction in horn fly populations with burning

burning in the spring will kill any overwintering pupa before they emerge

significantly reduces tick populations

Burning things to remember

any unburned areas not protected

think about animal movement patterns

only get one year of protection

Physical-mechanical control

physical removal from the animal or the environment

depending on the pest, may be limited

Physical-mechanical examples

walk through fly traps, sticky traps, sheets, masks, shoes on host, traps to block movement patterns, barns can use fans or screens

Biological control - limited in vet ent.

predator wasps lay eggs in developing pupa

no adult emerges

must start before you see adult flies and keep applying through season

they are very small and fragile

Insecticide

any substance or a mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate insects

Acaricide

any substance or a mixture of substances intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate ticks and mites

Pesticides

insecticides or acaricides

a chemical can exert both insecticidal and acaricidal effects

Systemic entry

enter through the digestive system of the arthropod

ex: insect growth regulators (IGRs), macrocyclic lactones

Contact poison entry

enter arthropod body through absorption by cuticle

most of our vet ent. products with this way

think about how the product spreads through the skin

fumigants (not used in vet ent)

Breeding traits

we breed into populations all the time

place a selective pressure on a population and it responds

coat color, size, productivity

How do insecticides work

target the nervous system

target arthropod growth and metamorphosis

Pyrethroids and Pyrethrin’s (group 3A)

man made pesticides similar to the natural pesticide pyrethrum, which is produced by chrysanthemum flowers.

2,250x more toxic to insects than the vertebrates due to insects smaller size, lower body temp, and more sensitive sodium channels

permethrin and other pyrethroids interfere with sodium gated ion channels

Organophosphates (group 1B)

initial developments date back almost two centuries

primary target is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a beta-esterase that hydrolyzes acetylcholine.

binds to AChE inactivating it permanently

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

major neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems

in the synapse, ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme AChE

choline is transported back into the axon terminal and used to make more ACh

Macrocyclic lactones (group 6)

broad-spectrum activity against endo and ecto parasites

absorbed through skin, grooming causes swallowing and absorption through gut

targeting glutamate-gated chloride channels and GABA receptors

do not use injectable macrocyclic lactones for external parasite control

Avermectins for tick and fly control

macrocyclic lactones are fat soluble - long excretion time: 1-5 months

period of horn fly control for 5 month injectable is only 100 days

flies are feeding on sub-lethal doses over peak population period - leads to insecticide resistance developing

Best practices for internal parasite control

use FEC and FE reduction counts

treat only select individuals allowing for plenty of refugia

use combination therapies to reduce selection pressure on single active ingredient

How we treat for external parasites

all animals are treated

no refugia increasing selection pressure

use a single chemical class to reduce insect resistance

rotation SLOWS the rate of resistance developing meaning chemicals remain effective longer

Carbamates

from carbamic acid and inhibit AChE but in a reversable manner

wide range of toxicity

has contact and systemic properties

greater residual action than organophosphates and often used as a premise spray

Neonicotinoids (group 4A)

relatively new chemical class of pesticide

act as an agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

act on the central nervous system, causing irreversible blockage of the nAchR receptors

used for flea control in pets

Spinosyns (group 5)

target binding sites on nicotine acetylcholine receptors leading to disruption of acetylcholine neurotransmission

has secondary effects as GABA neurotransmitter agonist

wide target insect range

Fibronil (group 2B)

broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to phenylpyrazole chemical family

blocks GABA-gated chloride channels and glutamate gated chloride channels

active ingredient in many flea control prodcuts

can be toxic to vertebrates at higher concentrations (very toxic to fish)

Insect growth regulators

to grow in size, you need to shed the exoskeleton and make a new one

hormonally controlled process

IGRs can target chitin synthesis or hormonal regulations of the entire process

Chitin…

forms the exoskeleton but is very hard

Chitin synthesis inhibitors

chemically diverse compounds which act at multiple points in chitin synthesis process

death occurs in 3-10 days

causes abortive molting, defects in egg hatching, and significant damage/reduction in cuticle thickness

Hormonal IGRs

typically involve mimicking or inhibiting juvenile hormone of ecdyson (20E)

IGRs that target juvenile hormone cause premature molting/non-functional adults

IGRs that target ecdysone cause pupal mortality by interrupting transformation of larval tissue to adults

resistance can occur

Methoprene is a juvenile hormone analog

BT-Technology (bacillus thuringiensis)

species of bacteria that lives in soil - produces compound which is very toxic to some insects when eaten

found in over 180 registered pesticide products, mainly for agronomic use

must be consumed by insect

non-toxic to vertebrates

useful for control of mosquitoes

Synergists

chemicals that increase the potency/effectiveness of pesticide

initially developed to increase the effectiveness of pyrethrum

Piperonyl butoxide

inhibits cytochrome P450 which is essential in the detoxification of pesticides

no pesticidal activity of its own, it enhances the potency of certain pesticides such as carbamates, pyrethrin, and pyrethroids

Safe use for pesticides

read product labels, use as directed by label, do not use expired or compromised products, make sure product can be used on animals, take note of withdrawal periods for animal destined for slaughter (cannot be used on dairy or lactating animals), use suggested PPE

Slowing spread of resistance in livestock

rotate products annually - two options: 1) pyrethroid 1 year, organophosphate 2 years. 2) pyrethroid 1 year, organophosphate 1 year and macrocyclic lactone

mix and apply correctly (get weights)

store products well and dispose correctly

do not use combination

Ear tags

available in wide formulation

requires contact with body oils (hair) for transferal

only effective for 90-100 days - remove after effective period elapses

Insecticide impregnated ear tags

best practice:

tag both ears

do not tag bulls or calves

don’t ‘daisy chain’ tags

Pour on

wide range of formulations

must apply correctly - accurate weight, head to tail

Spray

premise and on animal - economical

wide range of chemical formulations

use PPE used in many agricultural settings, important for cross spray

Systemic

ingested or injected

circulated through blood

oral tick and flea control in dogs

few compounds available as systemics in cattle

Spot on

used for dog and cat flea/tick’

also some equine fly products

compound spread through lipids in skin