Chapter 12 The Eukaryotes

Types

* Mold
* Yeast
* Algae
* Helmets
* Protoza

Fungi

* Soil
* Decomposers
* Heterotrophic
* Unicellular or Multicellular
* Asexual and sexual reproduction
* Mushrooms, Yeast, and Molds

Yeast

\-Unicellular

\-To identify _____ need Biochemical reactions(tests) to determine enzyme profile, biochemical reaction they catalyze.

Mold

\-Multicellular

\-Macroscopic, different morphologies

\-Under microscope look different

\-Can identify different ____ physically don’t need microscope.

\-Make Hyphae

Hyphae

Mold are made of 2 types, long filaments


1. Septate _____= Have Septum, divisions between all cells
2. Coenocytic ____= no divisions between cells

Growth of Hypha from spore….

* When molds reproduce, they produce a spore.
* When a spore lands on a substance that contains nutrients(bread), the spore will grow hypha(2 types= Aerial and Vegetative), and will develop into a multicellular mold.

Aerial hyphae

“Reproductive hyphae” produce the reproductive spores

\-Color

Vegetative hyphae

That grows into the substance and absorbs nutrients

\-Different colors, different fungi

Mycosis

Disease caused by fungus

* Opportunistic pathogens= majority
* Obligate pathogens= few
* Chronic= last long time
* Dimorphic= found in yeast and mold

Algae

* Water
* Autotrophic
* Unicellular or Multicellular
* Asexual and Sexual reproduction
* Plankton= unicellular
* Seaweed= multicellular

Algal Bloom

\-Caused by red algae

\-Effect human when they eat shellfish

\-Algae can indirectly cause disease, never directly cause disease

Lichens

\-Symbiotic **relationship between Algae and Fungi**

\-Algae performs photosynthesis, and produce glucose is used by fungus

\-Not parasite on tree, just grow on top of tree

Protozoa

* Water and soil
* Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
* Unicellular
* Asexual and sexual reproduction
* Trophozoites= active form, moving around, reproducing
* Cysts= protective form forms cysts when it wants to protect itself

Excavata/Archaezoa

\-Have flagella

\-No mitochondria, No cyst form= can’t survive outside host

Euglenozoa

\-Use flagella, have mitochondria, have chloroplast, have autotrophs, performs photosynthesis

\-Obligatie pathogens

\-Hemoflagellates

Hemoflagellates

\-Parasitic obligate pathogens, infect mammals, get nutrients from red blood cells, Euglenozoa

* Transmitted to host by an insect bite
* Ex: Trypanosoma brucei=aftrian sleeping sickness
* Ex: Trypanosoma cruzi= Chagas disease

Amebae

Amoebas

\-Have Pseudopods= for locomotion

* Ex= Entamoeba histolytica= amoebic dysentery

Cellular Slime Mold

\-Organism related to amoebas

\-Period of time amoebas come together, act as multicellular organism.

* After get food and reproduce they disassociate and go back to individual amoebas

Apicomplexa

\-Pointed end, No mode of Locomotion, 2 types;

* Plasmodium= causes malaria, requires mosquito and human(intermediate host)
* Toxoplasma gondii= causes toxoplasmids in feces

Cilliates

Use cilia as locomotion

\-non-pathogenic

Helminths

* Water
* Multicellular= Body systems
* Heterotrophic
* Sexual reproduction
* Monoecious and Dioecious
* Trematodes, Cestodes, and Nematodes

Trematodes

Flukes, All Monoecious

* Ex: Schistosoma= blood fluke

Cestodes

\-Monoicious, can have proglottids

\-Scolex(head)= attaches to intestines

\-Sucker, Scolex, and Hooks

\-Ex: Tapeworm, Taenia saginata= beef tapeworm, don’t have proglottids

* Released with feces

Nematodes

Round worms, Dioecious

* Ex: Enterobius vermicularis= pinworm, usually infects children, lays eggs on anus
* Ex: Necator americanus= Hookworm, burrow through skin, enter circulatory and respiratory system, poor sanitation

Hygiene Hypothesis

To explain why over time in developed countries we have increases immune disorders, we are too clean, keeping children too clean so their immune system is not working hard enough

\-Treatment= microbe that are non-pathogenic or don’t effect humans in soil