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What is the main source of energy for cells?
Almost all energy for life originates from the sun.
What process do plants, algae, and some bacteria use to make chemical energy?
Photosynthesis.
What type of respiration occurs in humans?
Aerobic process, requiring oxygen.
How do humans acquire oxygen for cellular respiration?
From their lungs, which breathe in O2.
What is the primary fuel for cellular respiration?
Glucose.
During cellular respiration, what waste product is expelled?
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
What is the maximum number of ATP produced per glucose during cellular respiration?
38 ATP.
What are coenzymes NAD+ and FAD used for in cellular respiration?
They serve as electron shuttles.
What is the main role of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
To create ATP by using energy from electrons.
What process occurs during glycolysis?
Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate with a net gain of 2 ATP.
What is glycolysis' energy investment phase?
It consumes 2 ATPs to energize a fuel molecule.
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
What happens to pyruvate before entering the Citric Acid Cycle?
It is modified to form Acetyl CoA.
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix.
What is produced during one turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?
4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen.
What is chemiosmosis?
The process of ATP synthesis driven by the flow of H+ ions back across a membrane.
What happens to NAD+ during fermentation?
It is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue.
What is lactic acid fermentation?
The process where pyruvate is reduced to lactate by accepting electrons from NADH.
What occurs when lactate builds up in muscles?
Muscles ache due to changes in pH.
What is the primary difference between obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes?
Obligate anaerobes must use fermentation, while facultative anaerobes can use either fermentation or cellular respiration.
What is the purpose of alcohol fermentation in yeast?
To convert pyruvate into ethanol and CO2.
In which activities is alcohol fermentation utilized?
Baking, brewing, and winemaking.
What is the role of ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation?
It allows H+ ions to flow back across the membrane to produce ATP.
What reaction produces NADH in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
A redox reaction.
How is ATP generated in the glycolysis process?
By substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is the total ATP yield per glucose molecule after glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?
About 38 ATP.
Fill in the blank: The process by which plants capture sunlight to produce energy is called __________.
Photosynthesis.
Fill in the blank: The molecule that carries energy within cells is known as __________.
ATP.
Fill in the blank: The first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down, is called __________.
Glycolysis.
Fill in the blank: During aerobic respiration, __________ is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen.
Fill in the blank: __________ is a byproduct of cellular respiration that is expelled by organisms.
Carbon dioxide.
Fill in the blank: The process of converting pyruvate to ethanol in yeast is called __________ fermentation.
Alcohol.
Fill in the blank: The net gain of ATP from glycolysis is __________ ATP molecules.
Fill in the blank: The transition from pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs before entering the __________ Cycle.
Citric Acid.
Fill in the blank: In the absence of oxygen, some cells can undergo __________ fermentation.
Lactic acid.
Fill in the blank: The process driven by the flow of H+ ions across the mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP is called __________.
Chemiosmosis.
