Meiosis and Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to meiosis and the chromosome theory of inheritance.

Meiosis I

The first stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two haploid cells.

Meiosis II

The second stage of meiosis where sister chromatids separate, leading to four haploid gametes.

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

The theory that genes are located on chromosomes, which are passed from parents to offspring.

Haploid

A cell with half the number of chromosomes, as seen in gametes (sperm and egg cells).

Diploid

A cell with two sets of chromosomes, such as somatic (body) cells.

Segregation

The separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which corresponds to Mendel's Law of Segregation.

Independent Assortment

The process by which different pairs of chromosomes segregate independently during meiosis.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated prior to meiosis, particularly during the S phase.

Metaphase I

The stage of meiosis where homologous pairs align at the metaphase plate.

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

The final stage of meiosis II, resulting in four genetically distinct haploid cells.

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Gamete

A sex cell (sperm or egg) that contains half the genetic material required for reproduction.

Why is it important that sex cells have half the number of chromosomes?

To ensure that when they combine during fertilization, the offspring has the correct number of chromosomes.

Meiosis

The specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half to form gametes.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the parent cell.

Fertilization

The process whereby a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote, restoring the diploid number of chromosomes.