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What are the tools to measure height?
ultrasonic
Suunto clinometer
merritt hypsometer
abney level
haga altimeter
spiegal relaskop
Whats the difference between merchantable height and actual height?
merchantable height = ‘stump height’ to upper stem diameter, accounts for cut, actual height = full measurement
what is the diameter limitation of pine pulpwood?
4.6 - 24.5
What is the diameter limitation of pine chip n saw?
8.6-11.5
What is the diameter limitation of sawtimber?
11.6
What is the diameter limitation of hardwood pulpwood?
4.6 - 24.5
What is diameter limitation of hardwood sawtimber?
13.6
what is the minimum log length required for first log in pinepulpwood?
20’
What is the minimum log length required for first log in chip n saw?
25’
What is the minimum log length required for first log in sawtimber?
16’
What is the minimum log length required for first log in pulpwood?
20’
What is the minimum log length required for first log in sawtimber?
17’
if a pine tree is 40ft tall and 12 DBH, what products can you create?
What are methods for finding age of trees?
core sampling
What is core sampling formula?
You should always ____ years to core sampling because it is taken at ____.
add, breast height
Why is it important to know tree age?
impacts site index quality
helps predict continous growth of trees
prevents diseases of more vunerable trees
What was the old name for forestry?
mensuration
What is mensuration?
quantifying and measuring tree volume, diameter, height, and age
What is the difference between mensuration and forest measurements?
mensuration = just trees, forestry = measure of all aspects in a forest that alter trees growth
What is accuracy?
how close observations are to being correct
What is precision?
spread of observations around long-run mean observations, how close observations are to eachother
What is the difference between accuracy and precision?
accuracy is about results while precision is about spread
In forestry ____ is preferred over ____ because errors can be explained later.
precision, accuracy
In terms of accuracy and precision, what do foresters avoid at all cost?
low accuracy and precision together
How do foresters measure precision?
standard deviation
standard error
How do foresters measure accuracy?
mean square error
What impacts accuracy and precision?
instrument error
rounding error
relationship error
sampling error
human error
What is the importance of units of measurements?
standardizes formulas, tools, and terminology
What is the unit of measurements for volume?
ft³, cords
What is the unit measurements for height?
ft
What is the measurements for diameter?
inches times pi
What are fundamental measurements?
measurements you can’t physically measure or highly inconvenient to measure, use estimation math
what is measurement for wood density?
lbs/ft³
What are examples of fundamental measurements?
volume
tree height
paces
What are actual measurements? (not fundamental can physically measure)
diameter
log length
chain
What are base measurements?
time
mass
weight
How many feet are in a mile?
5, 280
How many feet are in a chain
How many chains are in a mile?
80
How many sq feet in an acere?
43,560
How many football fields are in a acre?
1 (with no endzones)
How mant sq chains per acre?
10
How many acres are in a section?
640
What are the two basic survey systems?
metes and bounds
rectangular coordiante system
Why do county shape differ in Texas?
in middle of metes and bounds surveying, articles of confederation requested public land survey which used rectangular coordinate system
What were the provisions of the public land survey?
township divided into sections (quadrangles)
section numbering system
division of section into quarter sections
corners and witness trees established
made inital point
made principal meridian
made baseline
made guide meridians
How do land survey types differ?
metes and bounds measures using distance and direction calls and compass points of natural and man-made features while public land survey makes distinct quadrants
How big is a township?
36 sq miles
What is a compass?
a tool that shows direction using magnetic fields
What are two types of compass measurements?
azimuth
bearings
Which compass type measures 360 degrees?
Azimuth
How do you convert aximuth to bearing?
in quadrant 1: azimuth = bearing
in quadrant 2: bearing = 180 - azimuth
in quadrant 3: bearing = azimuth - 180 or azimuth = 180 + bearing
in quadrant 4: bearing = 360 - azimuth
Write the compass directions.
South 20 degrees East
Write the compass direction.
South 77 degrees east
Write the compass direction of A.
North 20 degrees West
Write the compass direction of B.
North 27 degree East
Write the compass direct of C.
South 30 degrees West
What is the proper way to use a compass?
turn dial to compass degree
make sure compass is level
make sure black line in mirror aligns with dial
use gunsight to find point in distance
put down compass and pace in direction
What is declination?
degree variance around globe due to magnetic fields
difference between polar north and true north
dynamic changing aspect of magnetic fieldde
What causes declination?
lipid core of earth and axis tilt of earth
What is pacing?
form of measurement that uses strides of individual person to measurable length of chain
What changes pacing?
terrian
climate
personal feeling
understory growth
saturation of ground
What is DBH
measurement of diameter of a tree at 4.5 ft off the ground
How do you alter measurements of DBH for A? (slope tree)
measure 4.5ft above ground on the uphill side
Howdo you alter measurements of DBH for B? (normal tree)
normal DBH measurements
How do you measure DBH for C? (leaning tree)
measure DBH parallel to lean or prependicular to longitudinal axis of stem
How do you measure DBH of D and E? (forking tree)
take measurements generally below splits in trea and find average
How do you measure DBH of F? (bulge at breast height)
measure DBH above abnormality
How do you measure DBH at G? (buttress extended)
measure 30 cm above the top of the buttress
Who made chain measurements?
Gunters Chain
What tools can you use in upper stem diameter?
prisims
pentoprisim
What are the tools for measuring tree diameter?
diameter tape
caliper
biltmore stick
bark gauge
What tool is this? what are its pros and cons?
diameter tape
measures circumference
most accurate and precise
can be inaccurate on irregular trees
What tool is this? what are its pros and cons?
spiegel ralaskops
measures upper-stem diameter, dbh, basal aream upper stem diameter
losts of scales
dont have to climb tree (out of reach areas)
expensive
error prone
difficult to keep needle still
lost of scales
What tool is this? What are its pros and cons?
Merritt hypsometer
easy to preform
inexpensive
accuracte for most uses
inaccurate due to bias
How do you use hypsometer?
hold stick 25” from eyes and 66feet from the tree
align the bottom at stump height
glance up and read nearest merchantable log (round down)
What tool is this? what are its pros and cons?
Abney level
easy t perform
reading can be locked
easy to carry
different scales
moderate pricing
small viewing area
changing arcs requires other tools
How do you use an Abney Level
loosen protactor arc with tighenting nut
look through sight and align with top measurement
rotate arc until bubble is centered
remove from eye and read angle on arc
repeat for bottom
calculate heigh
What tool is this? What are its advantages and disadvantages?
Haga altimeter
up to six scales on single tool
easy to perform
reading can be frozen
clear details
difficult to keep needle still
expensive
not commonly used
must know distance
How do you use Haga altimeter?
select appropriate scale
release pointer by clicking button
aim at target (top or bottom of tree)
once on target remain very skill
pull pointer to lock reading
record reading
repeat steps for upper or lower reading
calculate height
What tool is this an inside of?
spiegal relaskop
How do you use a spiegal relaskop?
select appropriate scale
look sighting window and aim at top and bottom of tree and record the reading
calculate the height
What tool is this? what are the advatages and disadvatages?
ultrasonic
easy to carry
easy to learn
batteries
expensive
easily damaged
too few buttons
has to have second object (puck) to work
what tool is this? what are the advantages and disadvantages?
Suunto clinometer
easy to perform
easy to carry
moderate price
can’t lock readings
must coordinate with two eyes
easily damages
What is this the inside of?
Suunto clinometer
What tool is this? what are its advantages and disadvantages?
Laser hypsometer
easy to carry
easy to learn
expensive
battery
too few buttons
limited line of sight
easily damged
which shows high accuracy and high precision?
which shows low accuracy and high precision?
What is basal area?
area at cross section of DBH
What does basal area indicate?
density or stalk of forest
How do you get area of pine tree with a DBH of 11?
(11²) x 0.00545415
What is the constant for basal area calculations?
0.00545415
How do you find total basal area(basal area per acre)?
multiply basal area of one tree times amount of trees with same DBH in plot
if you have 5 11in diameter tree in your plot, with a basal area of 0.66, what is the total basal area of area?
0.66 × 5 = 3.3
What is site index?
prediction of future growth of trees by quantifying site quality
what are the advantages of using site index?
determine the sutability of a site for growing specific tree species
predict wildife habitat quality and quantity
predict quality and quantity of timber production
predict tree growth
What are the disadvantages for using site index?
changes over time
genetics
Site index is _____ on type management.
dependent
What type of trees do you measure of dominant trees?
measure only dominant trees
