pathways

path of a reflex arc

stimulus > sensory neuron > posterior root ganglion > posterior grey horn > anterior grey horn > anterior root > effector

gustation pathway

CN VII, IX, X

facial - front ¾

glossopharyngeal - back 1/3

vagus - posterior palate

brainstem > thalamus > parietal

auditory pathway

Cochlea

CN VIII

brainstem

thalamus

temporal lobe

—> primary auditory cortex

olfactory pathway

olfactory neuron —> cribriform plate —> mitral cells in olfactory bulb —> through olfactory tract —> temporal lobe (primary olfactory cortex)

DOES NOT TRAVEL THROUGH THALAMUS

vestibular pathway

3 responses to change in equilibrium

parietal

cns

cerebellum

static equilibrium

balance when head and body are still

dynamic equilibrium

balance when head and body is moving

5 types of taste

sweet

salty

sour

bitter

umami

Action potentials

resting state -70mV

threshold reached at membrane potential

influx of Na driven by concentration and electrical gradient

export of potassium driven by concentration gradient

travels the length of the axon (rapid depolarization and subsequent repolarization)