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Why was Ottoman Empire struggling?
The central government had little authority, and control over North Africa had already weakened. In Egypt, the Ottoman governor Muḥammad ʿAlī was building his own power base and later became the hereditary ruler of Egypt in 1841.
What is the Ottoman empire?
The Ottoman Empire was a large empire ruled by Turkish leaders, lasting from the 1300s to the early 1900s.
The empire was known for its strong military, rich culture, and major cities like Istanbul.
What is a key moment during Ottoman rule in North Africa?
World War I, when the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany against the Allies. This resulted in British and French forces occupying several North African territories like Libya, Tunisia, and Morocco. After the war, these territories either gained independence or were absorbed into colonial empires.
What is ulama?
What is a ribats?
Originally, a "ribat" was a small fort built along the border during the early years of the Muslim conquest of North Africa.
What was ribats used to?
It was used to house military volunteers called murabitun.
Where were the ribats appearing after?
Soon after, similar forts also appeared along the Byzantine frontier, where they attracted converts from Greater Khorasan, an area that would later be known as al-ʻAwāṣim in the 9th century CE.
What were the roles of the ribats?
They protected trade routes, served as inns for caravans (caravanserais), and became centers for small Muslim communities. They were also places of religious loyalty.
what was waqfs?
An inalienable charitable endowment in Islamic law means giving away something, like a building, a piece of land, or other valuable things, for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. The person donating these things doesn't plan to take them back.
What are Imamate?
It means "leadership" and refers to the role of an imam or a Muslim government led by an imam.
Who are sufis? What are the groups that they belong to?
People who practice Sufism are called "Sufis."
Historically, they often belong to groups known as tariqas (which is the plural of ṭariqa). These groups are built around a great teacher, called a wali, who is the last in a line of teachers that goes back to Muhammad
What is the main goal of sufis?
The main goal of Sufis is to purify themselves, known as tazkiya, and to reach a high spiritual level called ihsan.
What do sufis aim to do?
Sufis aim to please God by returning to their original state of purity, which is called fitra. Sufism is a mystical part of Islam that emphasizes purification, spirituality, rituals, and living a simple life.
what is marifa?
In Sufism, maʿrifa means "experiential knowledge" or "deep understanding.
what is Maghrib?
The Maghreb is often described as covering much of northern Africa, including a big part of the Sahara Desert, but it does not include Egypt and Sudan, which are part of the Mashriq — the eastern part of the Arab world
What are the people living in maghrib called?
the people living in the Maghreb, known as the Muslim Maghrebis, were called the "Moors" by Europeans.
What did the greeks name maghrib?
"Land of the Atlas," after its Atlas Mountains.
what were the Sudanic kingdoms?
The Sudanic Kingdoms were a group of ancient kingdoms in West Africa. They became powerful through trade, especially in gold and salt. Major kingdoms included Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. They had rich cultures, strong leaders, and influenced the region's history.
What is the difference between Sunni and Shia?
For Sunni Muslims, the title "Imam" usually refers to the person who leads prayers in a mosque. Imams can lead Islamic prayers, act as community leaders, and give religious advice. This means that for Sunnis, anyone can learn the basic teachings of Islam and become an Imam.
For most Shia Muslims, Imams are seen as perfect leaders of the Muslim community after the Prophet Muhammad. Shia Muslims believe this title only applies to the members and descendants of Ahl al-Bayt, which is Muhammad's family. In Twelver Shia Islam, there are 14 perfect leaders, 12 of whom are Imams. The last Imam is Imam Mahdi, who is believed to return at the end of times.
What was the role and impact of the title of caliph in Islamic history?
The title of caliph was similar to titles like king and tsar, but it led to conflicts, civil wars, and rival caliphates. Caliphates were political systems based on Islam, expanding into large, multi-ethnic empires.
What is Mahdi?
The Mahdi is a figure in Islamic beliefs about the End of Times. He is thought to come to the world to remove evil and injustice. The Mahdi is said to be a descendant of Muhammad and will appear shortly before Jesus.
Both Shia and Sunni Muslims believe in the Mahdi, but they have different views about his qualities and importance
What is the madrasa?
any kind of school or educational place, whether it's religious or not, and for any level of learning, from elementary to higher education
focuses on studying Islam but other subjects might also be taught there.
What is a fatwa? What do scholars who gives it call it?
A fatwa is an answer given by an Islamic scholar about a question on Islamic law. The scholar who gives it is called a mufti, and the act of giving a fatwa is called ifta’.
Who are tariqas?
Groups gathered around a respected spiritual leader, known as a wali, who was believed to be part of an unbroken line of teachers going back to Muhammad.
What was the aim of tariqas?
The aim was to practice tazkiya, or self-purification, with the hope of achieving the spiritual level of ihsan.
Who was Muhammad Ali from Egypt (1805 - 1848)?
An Albanian leader who worked for the Ottoman Empire became the true ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He is known as the founder of modern Egypt. During his rule, he controlled Egypt, Sudan, Hejaz, the Levant, Crete, and parts of Greece.
who is a polygyny?
in which a man has more than one wife.
what is ethnography? What is it’s study? How is it a way to researc society?
Ethnography is a part of anthropology that studies different cultures. It looks at how people live and what their experiences are like from their own perspective. Ethnography is a way to research society by watching how people act in different situations and learning how they understand their own actions.
who are Mamluks?
what is plague ?
A sickness caused by germs that can spread from person to person. It usually makes you feel hot and confused. You might get swollen lumps called buboes. Sometimes, it can also affect your lungs.
what are berber highlanders?
A diverse group of different ethnic groups originally from North Africa lived there before the Arabs arrived.
where do berber highlanders come from?
Maghreb area: small communities in Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and, to a lesser extent, in Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali, and northern Niger
what is the Alawi dynasty?
The current royal family of Morocco is part of a ruling family. They are Arab and say they are related to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson, Hasan ibn Ali.
what is the hausaland?
a group of states run by the Hausa people before the Fulani jihad
where were the Hausaland located?
They were located in northern Nigeria, between the Niger River and Lake Chad. Hausaland was between the old kingdoms of Ancient Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in the west, and the kingdoms of Kanem-Bornu in the east
Whywere the Hausaland tired and poor in the 18th century?
It is because of the wars that they’ve been on. There were many famines, and the leaders raised taxes a lot to pay for fighting.
Who took control in the Hausaland instead of muslims?
by the 19th century, a mix of Fulani warriors and Hausa farmers took control because of social problems and unfair treatment. By 1808, Usuman dan Fodio took over the Hausa states, and they became part of the Hausa-Fulani Sokoto Caliphate.
Who took over the Hausa states?
Usaman dan Folio and they became part of the Hausa-fulani Sokoto Caliphate
what was the Sokoto Caliphate?
The Sokoto Caliphate was a Sunni Muslim kingdom in West Africa. It was started by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani wars after he defeated the Hausa Kingdoms.
what was the the largest empire in West Africa?
sokoto caliphate, with around 10 to 20 million in population
How did the sokoto caliphate end?
t ended when the British, French, and Germans took over the area in 1903 and added it to the new Northern Nigeria Protectorate, Senegambia, Niger, and Kamerun.
what is jihad?
"striving" or "struggling" for a good cause in Arabic. In Islam, it includes efforts to live according to God's guidance.
what can Jihad involve?
Fighting bad things in oneself (inner jihad).
Building a good Muslim community (ummah).
Defending Islam (outer jihad).
What do many Muslims believe is more important: inner jihad or outer jihad
Many Muslims believe inner jihad is more important than outer jihad, but some Western scholars see it differently.
What does a 2002 survey show?
A 2002 survey showed that Muslims have different views on jihad, including living well, promoting peace, or fighting against those who oppose Islam.
what are the fula jihads?
The Fula jihads were movements in West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries led by the Fulani people. These ended with European colonization of the region.
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