Biology macromolecule second half

What are nucleic acids?

Complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What three components make up a nucleotide?

A phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar.

How do nucleotides bond together?

Through dehydration synthesis, forming bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another.

What is the primary energy source for most cellular processes?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

What role does ATP play in cellular reactions?

It captures and stores energy in the bonds between phosphate groups.

What are the two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What is the structure of DNA?

A double helix.

What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

It converts the information in DNA into protein.

What are lipids?

Hydrophobic organic molecules primarily made of carbon and hydrogen.

What is the primary function of lipids in animals?

To store energy in fat cells.

What are triglycerides?

A type of lipid commonly referred to as fat.

What distinguishes saturated fats from unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond.

What are phospholipids responsible for?

The structure and function of the cell membrane.

What are the main groups of lipids?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.

What is the role of waxes in nature?

They are protective, water-repellent substances found in feathers, leaves, and honeycombs.

What are the negative effects of a low carbohydrate diet?

Fatigue and headache.

What can a high protein diet lead to?

Increased risk of kidney stones, heart disease, and colon cancer.

What vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

What is the function of Vitamin A?

It forms and maintains healthy skin and hair and is essential for proper vision.

What is the function of Vitamin D?

It helps absorb minerals needed for healthy bones and teeth.

What is the function of Vitamin E?

It prevents tissue damage.

What is the function of Vitamin K?

It helps with blood clotting.

What happens to a protein if its structure changes?

It cannot carry out its intended function.

What can denature proteins?

Added heat, excessive salt, and large changes in pH.

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Folding of the polypeptide due to hydrogen bonds, forming shapes like helices and pleats.

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, which can be globular or fibrous.

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains combine.