LAB EXAM LFG

opisthonkota

eukarya→ unikonta; single flagellum

fungi

sister to animal; eukarya→ unikonta → opisthonkota; most are multicellular; chitin in cell walls; no plastids, not photosynthetic; heterotroph (mostly saprophytic); glucose stored as glycogen; have hyphae; symbiotic

animal

sister to fungi; eukarya→ unikonta → opisthonkota; all are multicellular; chitin for exoskeletons in arthropods; no plastids, not photosynthetic; heterotroph; glucose stored as glycogen; haploid dominant life cycle

why are fungi important

decompose inorganic material; pest control; bioremediation (removes pollutants from environment); improve agricultural yields; antibiotics; food/cooking

hyphae and the 2 types

cytoplasmic filaments that make up the main body of most fungi; aseptate (multinucleate- lacking walls within cells) and septate (separate cells with walls, can be mono or di karyotic 1 or 2 nuclei)

mycelium

mass of underground hyphae; used as feeding structure in fungi

saprophytic

type of heterotrophic pathway; most fungi are like this; dissolve organic material for food

mutualism

both organisms benefit

commensalism

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected

parasitism

one organism benefits, the other is harmed

fungal reproduction

haploid dominant; only diploid cell is the zygote; haploid spores produced via meiosis and/or mitosis (asexual and sexual); sexual: plasmogamy (fusion of cytoplasm), where cells merge but the nuclei dont fuse - delayed karyogamy (fusion of nuclei)

5 major phyla of fungi

sister to animal; eukarya→ unikonta → opisthonkota→ fungi; chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, asomycota, basidiomycota

chytridiomycota- not life cycle

water mold; phyla of fungi; only phylum with: isogamous reproduction (gametes are morphologically same), flagellated spores, isogametes, alternation of generations (sporophyte dominant- 2n); mostly saprophytic, some parasitic; inhabit moist/aquatic habitats

saprophytic

fungi that feeds on decaying or dead matter

chytridiomycota life cycle

zygotę produces young sporophyte → mature thin walled sporophyte produce diploid zoospores (asexual) → thick walled sporangium produces haploid zoospores→ young gametophyte→ thin walled mature gametophyte→ thin walled gametangia produce haploid isogametes

zoospores

swimming reproductive cell. It moves using a tail called a flagellum and is found in algae, fungi, and protists; asexual- grow without needing to fuse to another cell

isogamete

reproductive cells that are identical in size, shape, and structure, meaning they cannot be classed as male or female.

Mean arterial pressure

(2(diastolic) + systolic) / 2

zygomycota- not life cycle

bread mold; phyla of fungi; aseptate hyphae; asexual reproduction with sporangium on sporangiophore; also has sexual; characterized by zygospores (diploid zygote and protective wall); mostly saprophytic; capable of surviving harsh environment conditions; forms haploid spores via meiosis when conditions become favorable; rhizomes

zygospore

diploid zygotę + protective wall; zygomycota spore

zygosporangnum

product of 2 haploid gametangia (specialized hyphae) merging; houses the zygospore; heterokaryotic; capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions, forms haploid spores via meiosis when conditions become favorable

zygomycota life cycle

asexual (more common): sporangia form at end of mycelium (n), produces haploid spores, spore bursts

glomeromycota

aseptate hyphae; phyla of fungi; mutualistic; arbuscular mycorrhizae(inside root cells); lack of sexual and asexual reproductive structures (has genes for them but structures have never been observed)

arbuscular mycorrhizae

mass of mycelium found inside root cells of a plant; also called endomorphic ___; hyphae enter root cells of plants and form arbuscles; most common type of ____

ascomycota

sac fungi; phyla of fungi; 30,000 species (morels, truffles, yeasts); septate hyphae; conidiophores w/ conidia spores- asexual; ascocarp- sexual (dikaryotic hyphae are reproductively active- produce a diploid zygote then meiosis and mitosis it to produce 8 haploid ascospores); penicillium

conidiophores

found in ascomycota; branching structure used for asexual reproduction; conidia spores at tips

ascocarp

found in ascomycota; fruiting body used for sexual reproduction; made of intertwined eukaryotic and monokaryotic hyphae

basidiomycota

club fungi; phyla of fungi; 25,000 species (yeasts, mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts); septate hyphae; lack of asexual reproduction; fruiting body known as basidiocarp (mushroom) formed from intertwined eukaryotic hyphae; basidia line the fruiting body (produce the diploid zygote that produces haploid basidiospore)

yeasts

within the polyphyletic taxonomy; derived from unicellular ascomycota and basidiomycota; cannot form hyphae or multicellular structures; asexual budding; saccharomyces cervisiae;

lichens

mutualistic association of fungi and photosynthetic ; 40% of ascomycota and 1% of basidiomycota participate in this; capable of surviving harsh conditions; independent reproduction; environmental indicator; 3 major morphologies make of 99% of this

lichen: ascomycota +

cyanobacteria

lichen: green algae (chlorophyta) +

basidiomycota yeast

kingdom Animalia characteristics

heterotrophs; multicellular with no walls; unique, differentiated tissues; mostly diploid and sexual (sperm flagellated and eggs stationary); majority are aquatic;

how are kingdom animalia classified (body)

symmetry, tissues and organs, body cavity, embryonic developmental features, DNA

asymmetrical- kingdom animalia

no symmetry; found in highly primitive animals; phyla Porifera and placozoa

radial symmetry- kingdom animalia

parts radiate from center, no left or right sides; cut through central axis always results in identical halves; phyla cnidaria, Ctenophora, and echinoderms

bilateral symmetry- kingdom animalia

has left/right side if cut down the center ; all other phyla (all photo and deuterostomes)

germ layers

primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development; ectoderm (epidermis and nervous system), mesoderm (muscles, skeletal tissue, heart, kidney, blood), endoderm (gut, liver, lungs); can have 1, 2, or 3 germ layers

1 germ layer

no true tissues; sponges and placozoa

2 germ layers

diploblastic (endo and ecto derm); cnidarians and ctenophores

3 germ layers

triploblastic; everything else

kingdom animalia classification

sister to fungi; eukarya→ unikonta → opisthonkota→ animals; 5 phyla: Porifera, cnidarians, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomes

closest living relatives of animals

choanoflagellate

porifera

sponges, parazoa; phylum of kingdom animalia; asymmetrical, no tissues, no organs (most cells are totipotent, embedded in mesohyl); adults are immobile and larvae are free swimming; hermaphroditic but can also reproduce asexually by budding or fragmentation

mesohyl

gelatinous matrix; that contains support fibers, skeletal spicules, and moving cells. It sits right between the outer cell layer and the inner feeding layer; found in Porifera;

hermaphroditic

male and female at different parts of life cycle; contains both m and f sexual parts, allowing it to produce both m and f gametes

porifera sponge anatomy

LABEL; ostia (pores where water is drawn in through), spongocoel (cavity within sponge), osculum (opening that water exits through), choanocytes/collar cells (filter feeding cells that line the interior of the sponge w flagella, resemble choanoflagellates), amoebocytes (move around mesohyl by amoeboid movement to collect food, secrete calcium carbonate, and silicon dioxide spicules), spicules (spikes structure that forms the skeleton)

cnidaria

radiata; within phyla of kingdom animalia; coral or jellyfish like; radial symmetry; invertebrates; marine; diploblastic (outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis separated by mesoglea); cnidocytes (specialized cells that sting prey for food or defense); hydrostatic skeleton; gastrovascular cavity; primitive nervous system; 2 major subphyla are distinguished by dominant body forms: anthozoa (like anemone) and medusozoa (like jellyfish); coral, obelia, hydra

mesoglea

gelatinous non cellular matrix; sandwiched between outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis; found in cnidaria

gastrovascular cavity

single opening for feeding and expelling waste

cnidaria anatomy

radian canals that extend from gastric system; mouth surrounded by tentacles; statocysts (primitive sense organs in tentacles), cnidocytes (specialized cells that sting prey for food or sting in defense, contain nematocyst which are the stinging organelles)

anthozoa

subphyla of cnidarians; sea anemones/coral; polyp form; mostly sessile; sexual or asexual by budding/dividing; marine; colonialism; some make exoskeletons of CaCO3; corals

medusozoa

subphyla of cnidarians; medusa life stage; eukarya→ unikonta → opisthonkota → medusozoa → cnidaria; obelia and hydra; 3 classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, cubozoa

Hydrozoa

class of medusozoa which is subphyla of cnidarians; usually polyp dominant and colonial; just like jellyfish but not

Scyphozoa

class of medusozoa which is subphyla of cnidarians; jellyfish; segmented polyps asexually reproduce, and adult medusa only reproduce sexually

cubozoa

class of medusozoa which is a subphyla of cnidarians; box jellies/sea wasps; box shaped medusa (no polyp); sexual reproduction only; can hunt fish by sight; venomous

embryonic development stages

fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation

gastrulation

process by which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure called the gastrula; blastocoel (inner cavity) becomes coelom and the new inner cavity is the archenteron (GI tract)

blastopore

opening in the gastrula during gastrulation; determines the future orientation of the body axis in many animals

schizocoelous body cavity

in animals- triploblastic; forms when mesodermal tissue splits and becomes the coelom (body cavity)

enterocoelous body cavity

in animals- triploblastic; body cavity forms when pockets of primitive gut (archenteron) bud off and becomes the coelom

coelom

body cavity within triploblastic animals; main body cavity between the intestinal canal and body wall; retains fluid within body cavity to suspend cushions; allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall

protostomes

1 main group of bilateral symmetrical animals; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → ecdysozoa/lophotrochozoa ; contains ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa; schizocoelous fomation; blastopore becomes mouth; cells are determinate

ecdysozoa

phyla of animalia; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia; type of protostome; first of the 2 major branches (super phyla) of the protostomes; ecdysis (molting)- all members of clade shed their outer body covering; more of these species than all other animals combined; contains a deeper phylum called nematoda

nematoda

phyla of ecdysozoa; nemata/roundworms; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → ecdysozoa; pseudocoelom, complete digestive tract, longitudinal muscles only (whiplike movement), dioecious; ascaris, trichinella, vinegar eel

vinegar eel

part of phylum Nematoda which is inside ecdysozoa; free living, feeds on bacteria and yeast

arthropoda

part of phylum Nematoda which is inside ecdysozoa; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → ecdysozoa; spiders, insects, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans; most diverse group of animals; greek arthropods (joint) + podos (foot); jointed appendages, segmented body, exoskeleton composed of chitin; coelom- open circulatory; dioecious, cephalized ganglia; 3 major groups within this taxonomy: myriapoda, chelicerata, pancrustacea

myriapoda

belong to arthropoda which is inside ecdysozoa; contains centipedes and millipedes

centipedes

belong to myriapods; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → ecdysozoa → arthropoda→ myriapoda ; carnivorous, 1 pair of legs per segment

millipedes

belong to myriapods; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → ecdysozoa → arthropoda → myriapoda; herbivorous; 2 pairs of legs per segment

chelicerata

belong to arthropoda which is inside ecdysozoa; have pincers/fangs (chelicerae), mouth appendages (pedipalps), 6 pairs of appendages (4 pairs of legs, 1 chelicerae, 1 pedipalps); contains horseshoe crab, sea spiders, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions

pancrustacea

belong to arthropoda which is inside ecdysozoa; hexapods (insects) + crustaceans; heavily segmented, compound eyes, head, thorax, abdomen

lophotrochozoa

phyla of animalia; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia; type of protostome; second of the 2 major branches (super phyla) of the protostomes; 3 defining features found in many but not all: spiral cell division in embryos, lophophore, trochophore (annelids and mollusks); flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

lophophore

crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth used for feeding; aquatic invertebrates (lophotrochozoa)

trochophore

small and pear shaped; ciliated larval stage of annelids (snails and clams) and mollusks (marine worms) and some sothers

Platyhelminthes

flatworms; phyla belonging to lophtrochozoa; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → lophotrochozoa; flat bodies; acoelomate; hermaphroditic; vermiform (worm-like); simple nervous system- primitive organ systems; first example of cephalization; example classes: Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

Turbellaria

planarians; type of flatworm; class of Platyhelminthes which is inside lophotrochozoa; predators and scavengers, photosensitive eyespots, fragmentation

LABEL PLANARIA

on iPad

Cestoda

tapeworm; type of flatworm; class of Platyhelminthes which is inside lophotrochozoa; internal parasites, no digestive system, scolex (attachment organ)

brachiopoda

phyla belonging to lophtrochozoa; lophophorates; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → lophotrochozoa; sessile, coelomate and lophophores, very abundant in paleozoic era, but now only 350 species remain; not mollusks; valves; shells are made of calcite and proteins; 2 classes: inarticulata, articulata

valves

found in brachiopoda; two shells unequal in size, top is smaller and fits inside bottom shell

inarticulata

class of brachiopoda which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of lophophorate; more primitive, anchor to soft sediment, hinge mechanism- no teeth on valves, soft and flexible bales, setae (bristles around shell/valve)

articulata

class of brachiopoda which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of lophophorate; articulated valves (teeth to lock shells closed), complex hinge, no setae, anchor to rocks

Mollusca

phyla belonging to lophtrochozoa; lophophorates; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → lophotrochozoa; mostly marine, trochophore larval stage, 4 major clades: polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, bivalvia; foot (for movement and food capture), visceral mass (containing organs), mantle (secretes shell), radula (tongue with teeth), open circulatory system (no blood vessels except heart)

polypacophora

chiton; clade of mollusca which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of mollusk; segmented shell (8 plates) but isnt true segmentation, scrapes algae off rocks with radula

label chiton

mouth, foot, mantle (blue)

gastropoda

slugs/snails; clade of mollusca which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of mollusk; torsion (180 degree rotation of the visceral mass); 2 or 4 sensory tentacles with eyes on head; many have shells and radula

label gastropoda

mantle cavity, anus, stomach, intestine, mouth

Cephalopoda

chambered nautilus (shown), squid, and octopus; clade of mollusca which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of mollusk; predators, most advanced invertebrates, well developed eyes, intelligent, 3 hearts, dioecious, pen (remnant of shell is internal- in squid), chromatophores (pigmented cells that help them change color)

bivalvia

clams, oysters, scallops, and mussels; clade of mollusca which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of mollusk; 2 hinged valves (left and right), no radula, siphons instead, 4 oversized gills (ctenidia) for respiration and filter feeding

label bivalvia

not sure yet if you have to

annelida

segmented worms; phyla belonging to lophtrochozoa; eukarya → unikonta → opisthonkota → animalia → lophotrochozoa; truly segmented, closed circulatory system, convergent evolution with vertebrates and cephalopods; trochophore larval stage (shared with mollusks), 2 major clades: errantia, sedentaria

errantia

clade of annelida which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of segmented worm; free living mobile marine worms, fleshy parapodia with tiny chitinous setae on each segment, posses well developed sense organs- antennae and eyes

sedentaria

clade of annelida which is inside lophotrochozoa; still a type of segmented worm; tube worms, earthworms, leeches; few to no setae, often a clitellum (reproductive organs)

label sedentaria

dorsal blood vessel, body wall, coelom, intestinal cavity/lumen, intestinal wall, longitudinal muscle layer, typhosole, ventral nerve cord and blood vessel

squid labeling

suckers, arms, tentacles, mouth, eyes, siphon, gills, mantle, pen and ink sac

earthworm labeling

pharynx, gizzard, crop, intestine

crawfish labeling

know some

grasshopper labeling

antenna, eye, mandible, tympanum, spiracle, hind leg, wing

deuterostomes: phyla, early cell division, fate of blastopore, cell fate, # of germ layers, body cavity types, coelom formation, added phyla

echinodermata and chordata phyla; radial cleavage; embyryonic blastopore becomes anus; indeterminate- cells are stem cells; triploblastic; coelomate; entrocoelous; has 3 phyla: echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates