A&P lab chapter 2

Composes 60% of our body

Water

composes 40% of our body

Organic molecules like protein, fats, carbs, nucleic acids

all organic molecules contain

Carbon and hydrogen

monomer of carbohydrates

glucose

monomer of lipids

fatty acids

monomer of protiens

amino acids

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

enzymes repeat this cycle

building and breaking of polymers

how the body stores glucose

links units of sugar together into glycogen

monosaccharides of Cabrohydrates

glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

Disaccharides of carbohydrates

Sucrose, lactose, (simple sugars)

polysaccharides of carbohydrates

glycogen, starch, cellulose

triglycerides of lipids

three fatty acids attached to glycerol, stores fat

phospholipids

major component of plasma membrane

monomers of DNA

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen

adhesion

water molecules attracted to another charged molecule

cohesion

water molecules attracted to each other

surface tension

attraction of water molecules at the water-air interface

how hydrogen bonds form

slight positive charge on the hydrogen and slight negative charge on the oxygen

water dissolving other charged substances

hydrophilic

water dissolving salts

ionic bonds

hydrophobic

nonpolar/uncharged molecules that don’t dissolve in water

this is an example of

polar covalent bond

this is an example of

hydrogen bond

pH stands for

power of hydrogen

neutral pH

7

why organisms keep their bodies at 6-7 ph

because proteins only work within that range

proteins unfolding due to abnormal pH or temp greater than 41 C

denature

all carbohydrates contain

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

disaccharide are formed by

dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

A

Carbon

B

oxygen

C

hydrogen

3 forms of fatty acids

saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated

how phospholipids are formed

replacing one triglyceride with a phosphate group

cholesterol

membrane lipid, precursor for steroid hormones and bile acids

triglyceride

phospholipid bilayer

Proteins are responsible for these actions

intracellular movement, enzyme catalysis, transport channels, muscle contraction

20 unique amino acids have what?

CNN backbone

dehydration synthesis

joins two amino acids, resulting in a covalent peptide bond that begins protein synthesis

ribosome

reads 3 nucleotides on mRNA that codes for one amino acid

primary structure of protein

simple sequence of amino acids

secondary structure of proteins

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

3D shape resulting in globular protein

quarternary structure

two or more tertiary proteins bound together

DNA means

deoxyribonucleic acid

4 nucleotides of DNA

adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine

each gene is transcribed into ____ which is read by ____

mRNA, ribosomes