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Acid Rain
Rainfall that has become acidic due to atmospheric pollution containing sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), which react with water vapor to form acids.
Alcohol Fuels
Liquid fuels made from the fermentation of sugars or starches found in plants, such as ethanol and methanol.
Anthracite Coal
The highest-ranked type of coal, characterized by high carbon content, low moisture, and excellent heat-producing properties.
Biodiesel
A renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, used in diesel engines alone or blended with petroleum-based diesel fuel.
Biofuels
Renewable energy sources derived from organic matter such as plants or animal waste, used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
Biomass
Organic matter derived from plants or animals that can be used as an energy source, including wood chips, crop residues, and animal manure.
Biomass Energy
The use of organic materials, such as plants and animal waste, to generate heat or electricity.
Bituminous Coal
A type of coal intermediate in rank between sub-bituminous and anthracite, commonly used for electricity generation and industrial processes.
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)
A colorless gas naturally present in Earth's atmosphere, released through natural processes and human activities like burning fossil fuels; a major greenhouse gas.
Carbon Footprint
The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, or product.
Carbon Monoxide
A colorless, odorless, and toxic gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels.
Carbon Neutral
Achieving a balance between emitted greenhouse gases and those removed from the atmosphere through reduction and offset activities.
Cathode
The electrode in an electrochemical cell where reduction (gain of electrons) occurs.
Chain Reaction
A self-sustaining series of nuclear fission reactions in which the products of one reaction trigger subsequent reactions, releasing large amounts of energy.
Chernobyl
A catastrophic nuclear accident in 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, caused by a flawed reactor design and operator errors.
Clean Energy
Energy sources with minimal or no negative environmental impact, such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
Climate Change
Long-term shifts in global temperatures and weather patterns, primarily due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
Coal
A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock made mostly of carbon, formed from the remains of ancient plants.
Coal Combustion
The process of burning coal to produce heat or electricity, releasing pollutants such as CO₂, SO₂, NOₓ, particulate matter, and mercury.
Cogeneration (CHP)
Also known as Combined Heat and Power, an energy-efficient process that simultaneously produces electricity and useful heat from the same energy source.
Compressed Air Storage
A method of storing energy by compressing air into a container or underground reservoir for later use.
Control Rods
Devices made from materials like boron or cadmium that absorb neutrons to regulate nuclear fission reactions within a nuclear reactor.
Cooling Tower
A structure that cools down hot water or other fluids by allowing them to come into contact with air, used in industrial processes or power plants.
Crude Oil
A naturally occurring fossil fuel formed from ancient marine organisms, composed mainly of hydrocarbons.
Dams
Structures built across rivers or streams to control water flow and create reservoirs for purposes such as flood control, irrigation, and hydroelectric power.
Deforestation
The clearing, removal, or destruction of forests, often for agriculture, urbanization, or logging.
Ecosystem Destruction
Significant and irreversible damage to a natural habitat or ecosystem due to human activities like deforestation, pollution, or urbanization.
Efficiency
A measure of how effectively energy is converted from one form to another, calculated as useful output energy divided by input energy.
Electric Current
The flow of electric charge in a circuit, often carried by moving electrons through a conductor.
Electrical Batteries
Devices that store and release electrical energy through chemical reactions, consisting of one or more electrochemical cells.
Electrical Circuit
A closed loop through which electric current flows, consisting of components like wires, resistors, capacitors, and switches.
Electrical Current
The movement of electrons through a conductor, creating an electric charge.
Electricity
A form of energy resulting from the movement of charged particles, used to power various devices and systems.
Electricity Generation
The process of converting different energy forms (mechanical, chemical, or thermal) into electrical energy.
Energy Consumption
The amount of energy used by individuals, industries, or countries for heating, transportation, and electricity.
Energy Return on Energy Investment (EROEI)
A measure of the amount of usable energy obtained from a source compared to the energy invested to extract it.
Energy Storage System
A device or mechanism that stores excess energy for later use, allowing for efficient management of energy resources.
Ethanol
A renewable alcohol fuel produced from corn, sugarcane, or switchgrass through fermentation, commonly used as a biofuel additive in gasoline.
Fish Migration Patterns
The regular movements of fish between different habitats for feeding, breeding, or other purposes, influenced by temperature and food availability.
Flood Control
Strategies and structures used to manage or prevent flooding by controlling water levels, redirecting water flow, or storing excess water.
Fossil Fuels
Energy-rich substances formed from ancient organic matter buried deep in Earth's crust, including coal, oil, and natural gas.
Fukushima Daiichi
A nuclear disaster in 2011 at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan, triggered by an earthquake and tsunami.
Generator
A device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, typically using rotating coils within a magnetic field.
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Systems that use the Earth's constant temperature to provide heating, cooling, and hot water for buildings by circulating fluid through underground pipes.
Greenhouse Gases
Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to global warming, including CO₂, CH₄, NO₂, and fluorinated gases.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
Wind turbines with a horizontal rotor shaft, the most common type used for electricity generation.
Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
A method of extracting natural gas and oil from deep underground by injecting high-pressure water, sand, and chemicals into rock formations.
Hydroelectric Power
Electricity generated by converting the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanical energy using turbines.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
A device that converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy, producing only water as a byproduct.
Methane (CH₄)
A potent greenhouse gas released by natural processes and human activities like livestock farming and fossil fuel extraction.
Natural Gas
A fossil fuel consisting mainly of methane, often found alongside oil deposits.
Nuclear Energy
The energy released from the nucleus of an atom through nuclear fission or fusion, used for electricity generation.
Oil Spills
The release of petroleum hydrocarbons into the environment, typically from accidents during extraction or transportation, causing severe ecological damage.
Particulates
Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, originating from sources like dust, wildfires, industrial emissions, and vehicle exhaust.
Radioactive Waste
Material containing radioactive substances produced as a byproduct of nuclear power generation, medical treatments, or research activities.
Solar Energy
Radiant light and heat from the sun that can be harnessed and converted into usable power.
Turbine
A device that converts the kinetic energy of a moving fluid (water, steam, or wind) into mechanical energy.
Uranium-235
A radioactive isotope of uranium used as fuel in nuclear reactors and as a key material in atomic bombs.
Wind Energy
The process of harnessing wind’s kinetic energy and converting it into electricity using wind turbines.