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what happened in 1492?
Columbian Exchange (potatoes, sunflowers, chili pepper, corn, tomatoes, chocolate, vanilla, etc.)
what happened in 1861?
Unification of Italy
some facts about Mesopotamia
great advances in the plow and the control of water; advances in agriculture and metalworking; fertile crescent ran along the Mediterranean coast and other places
Cuneiform
bread, food, to eat
facts about wheat
used during the nomadic to sedentary lifestyle transition; first cereal to be cultivated; naive to the Levant region of the Mediterranean; people of Jericho first lived on cultivated crops
what was a staple of the Egyptian diet?
beer (liquid bread); safer than water at the time
where was bread common?
common throughout the Mediterranean, ancient Rome, and Tuscany; importance of grains to most people’s diets then and now
types of bread examples
pane, ciabatta, casalingo, integrale, rustichetto, ciaccino
tuscany bread
basically just flour and water; no salt; pane toscano is DOP (protected origin); pan raffermo is stale bread
what is pappa al pomodoro
stale bread, water, and tomatoes
what consists of the Mediterranean Diet
red meat and sweats are not eaten as much; veggies, grains, bread, olive oil, and fish are eaten most; staying active is the starting base for this diet; sustainably eating (eating things in season so they are more naturally made)
salt facts
class and taste; uses include flavor and preservation; more salt=lower status (your foods need to be preserved longer); roman soldiers were paid in salt so they could preserve their food; “salary” from “salarium”
what does Angel Gabriel give Mary during the Annunciation according to those in Siena?
an olive branch (not a lily flower because that is a symbol of Florence)
why is olive oil really popular in Italy?
because of the climate—> olive trees can thrive in Italy
southern Italy olives
larger, less peppery/flavorful
northern Italy olives
smaller, more peppery/flavorful
extra virgin olive oil acidity
< 0.8%
virgin olive oil acidity
< 2% acidity
olive oil acidity
> 2% acidity
does olive oil have an expiration date?
no, but loses health benefits after 2 years
DOCG (denominazione d’ origine controllata e garantita)
for drinks; highest level of quality assurance for Italian wines; signifies that the wine is produced in a specific geographical area with strict rules
DOC (denominazione d’ origine controllata)
for drinks; indicates a specific geographical area and production rules; regulations are less strict than DOCG
IGT (indicazione geografica tipica)
for drinks; offers more flexibility in the winemaking methods
DOP (denominazione di origine protetta)
for food; guarantees that the product is produced, processed, and prepared within a specific geographical area
IGP (indicazione geografica protetta)
for food; at least 1 stage of the product’s production takes place within a specific geographical area
L’Aperitivo
apetite stimulant; antioxidant properties; low calories; drinking this is a ritual (sitting down to enjoy social life); examples: aperol spritz, ugo spritz; non alcoholic examples: crodino, sanbitter
Antipasti
dates back to ancient Rome (served at the beginning of banquets); eat one, four is usually the max; regional and seasonal; served hot, cold, cooked, raw, cured (think meats, cheeses, etc.)
Primi
soups; rice; pasta dishes
what is the main pasta of Siena?
pici
how does fresh pasta differ from dry pasta?
fresh has egg in it; dry does not (has less protein)
what area produces a lot of rice?
La Maremma area (SW Tuscany); breeze dries out the rice and makes it easier to harvest
is rice or pasta more difficult to prepare
rice; add water, stir, repeat
what did the Romans use rice as?
medicine
rice dishes
savory (risotto); sweet (budino di riso)
50% of Italian rice is grown where?
Piedmont and Lombardy
50% of European rice comes from where?
Italy—> the largest rice producing country in the world
Secondi
meat and fish
do Italians eat more pork or beef products?
pork—> pig is eaten from the nose to the tail
why should meat from young animals not be used in stew?
it’s more tender
what temperature should meat be before cooked?
room temperature
what type of wine does sandy soil make?
makes elegant wines with high aromatics
what type of wine does clay make?
muscular wine
what type of wine does silt make?
smooth wines with slightly less acidity
what type of wine does loam soil make?
isn’t used often; too fertile unless blended
how many DOCG wines are in Italy?
78 (11 in Tuscany; 5 in Siena)
which DOCG wines are in Siena
Brunello di Montalcion; Chianti Classico; Vernaccia di San Gimignano; Vino Noble di Montepulciano
what type of grapes are really good for wine?
San Giovese
what is the wine of the Muslims?
coffee
where was the first coffee house invented?
Constantinople in the mid-14th century
where does the history of coffee begin for Italy?
1570 Venice
where was coffee first sold in Italy?
pharmacies
when was the first espresso machine invented?
the Industrial Revolution
what is Moka?
one of the most popular and iconic brewers in the world; was inspired by the washing machine
what are three great modern inventions discussed in class for some reason
gunpowder, compass, and the printing press
where do tomatoes grow well?
in Southern Italy because of the climate
what is a unique way to preserve large stores of tomatoes?
sun dry them and store them in olive oil
how many types of maize were developed by the native people by the time Columbus came?
over 200 types
what is pellegra
illness from a strictly corn diet
beans were eaten by which class
lower class because other proteins were more expensive
where did potatoes originate from?
Andes; “discovered” by the Spanish
some examples of Italian dishes that use cacao (cocoa/chocolate)
some pastas like ravioli; dark chocolate is used with wild bore
what is Europe’s traditional sweetener
honey
what sugars can be easily digested and which cannot?
glucose and fructose can be easily digested; sucrose has to be broken down more by the body
what was the name of the olive oil producer at the Frantoio Franci?
Matteo
True or false: The Frantoio Franci is one of the most important olive oil companies in the world
True
When does the olive oil harvest traditionally begin?
October
What did the likes of Hippocrates and Homer call olive oil?
liquid/green gold
True or false: water is lighter than oil
False
What is the name of the town where we had lunch called (on the olive oil/honey day)
Montalcino
What was the name of the extinct volcano we saw on the olive oil/honey day?
Monte Amiata
What is the name of the area we visited on the olive oil/honey day
Val d’Orcia
What was the name of the beekeeper at the Villa i Cipressi?
Dario
What is the technical term for beekeeping?
apiculture
How long does the average worker bee live in the “busy” (i.e. pollination) season?
40 days
what is the order of a full, traditional Italian meal
Aperitivo, Antipasto, Primo, Secondo, Contorno (salad i guess??), Dolce, Digestivo
what are some examples of DOP foods?
Balasmic vinegar, olive oil, parmigiano reggiano, mozzarella
what are some examples of DOC wines?
Chianti, soave, lugana
what are some examples of IGT wines?
Toscana wines, Sicilia wines, Bolgheri wines
How does Siena’s relationship with Florence feature in wine?
The Chianti region lies between the two cities and the vineyards are intertwined
Why is Siena “the daughter of the road”?
because of its location on the Via Francigena, which is a major pilgrimage route to Rome (“All Roads lead back to Rome”)
True or false: The average Italian wastes more food per person than the average American
False
“Se non è zuppa è pan bagnato” best translates to:
“six of one, half a dozen of another”
True or false: Whole grains, bread, pasta, and nuts are the basis of the Mediterranean Diet
True
What sea is not apart of the Mediterranean Sea
Black sea
“Cucina povera” can best be translated as
peasant cooking
A common way to flavour foods is to add this to the dish:
anchovies
True or false: Advances in food preservation techniques helped solidify certain features of what we now recognize as Italian cuisine
True
True or false: Italian-American cuisine is not a valid cuisine
False
Gelato was invented for which family?
Medici
True or false: The desire for spices changed the history of the world.
True
True or false: Ricciarelli contain gluten
False
Which god/goddess is said to have gifted the olive tree to the Greeks?
Athena
What are some foods that did NOT reach Italy via the New World
black pepper and oranges
From which animal do we generally NOT make cured meats?
hare
True or false: Steak should always be served well done to ensure the best flavour
False
A bistecca alla fiorentina is made with the meat from which cattle breed?
Chianina
A “sagra” is best described as a
food/wine festival
Which people are said to have first made pici?
Etruscans
True or false: Bronze-cut pasta holds on to pasta sauce better than steel-cut pasta
True
A feature of “pane sciocco” is its lack of
salt