APush Exam Review Period 3

What CAUSED the Seven Years' (French and Indian) War?

The growing population of the British colonies EXPANDING into the interior of N. America (the Ohio Valley!), & the Iroquis allying w/ British.
THREATENED French/Native trade networks and Native autonomy.

What were the IMPACTS of the French & Indian war?

French are REMOVED from N. America: lost a trading partner.
British colonists want to EXPAND on to native land (which leads to Pontiac's Rebellion & the Proclamation Line of 1763). Britain gains MASSIVE amounts of land in N. America.

How did the French and Indian war cause the end of Salutary Neglect?

Britain became in debt after the war so they looked to the colonies to raise REVENUE & to gain more control over them. So, they ended their "hands-off" approach aka salutary neglect and began to collect taxes. (Sugar Act 1764, STAMP ACT 1765).
Tensions from 7 Years War lead to the American Revolution.

How did Britain & Native Americans feel about British colonists moving westward?

British attempted to prevent colonists from moving westward (which created colonial OPPOSITION) through the Proclamation Line of 1763 which forbade expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains. Natives wanted to continue trading with Europeans & RESIST encroachments (intrusions) of colonists on their lands (Pontiac's Rebellion 1763).

What united the colonists AGAINST the British?

New British efforts to collect taxes WITHOUT direct colonial representation or consent (parliament created taxed w/o colonial representation but stated they were "VIRTUALLY" represented) (Colonists were ok with colonial taxes bc of representation). So colonists successfully BOYCOTTED taxes (Stamp, Tomshend) & developed more RESOLVE in their cause.

How did the colonists justify their resistance?

Said they had the same rights as British subjects: rejected "virtual representation" (idea that Parliament acted in the best interest of ALL British subjects).
Said they had Rights of Individuals: (taxation, writs of assistance-- court orders that enabled British soldiers to carry out searches, admirality courts-- had no trial by jury & were guilty until proven innocent)
ENLIGHTMENT IDEAS: consent of governed, "life, liberty, & property"
Local tradition of self-rule: colonists had the ability to ELECT colonial representatives.

Who/what were some of the colonial leaders & movements who energized & were involved in the independence movement?

Leaders: Paul Revere & John Hancock-- wealthy merchants that protested taxation. Ben Franklin-- argued America contributed significantly to the 7 Years War; he was a co-writer of the Dec. of Ind. & helped gain French support during the war.
Grassroots movements (laborers, artisans, & women) -- Mary Otis Warren was a writer who urged independence.

What was the "Patriot Mobilization"?

In the face of economic shortages & British military occupation of some regions, men + WOMEN helped contribute to the war effort through FINANCIAL & material support.

What were some of the British advantages in the Revolutionary war?

LOYALIST opposition (20% and HIGHER in some areas).
BIGGER military and more $$$.

What were some American advantages in the Revolutionary war?

Familiarity with the LAND, George Washington's military LEADERSHIP, deep commitment to their cause, and foreign aid (FRANCE).

What was the TURNING POINT battle of the Revolutionary War?

The Battle of Saratoga in 1777. Afterwards, the French came to our aid (HUGE).

How did the Enlightenment (& the ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause) inspire American political thinkers?

Began to emphasize INDIVIDUAL talent over HEREDITARY privilege (Primogeniture-- eldest inherits most/all property-- was OUTLAWED in many states after the war).
Religion (1st Great Awakening) helped many Americans to view themselves as blessed with liberty.

What were some of the documents that REFLECTED the new beliefs about govt that had been developing over the course of the 18th century?

Thomas Paine's COMMON SENSE (Challenged King George 3, said it was "common sense" to break away from the corrupt monarch. Said a little island could not rule a larger continent).
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: Inspired by Enlightenment ideas (John Locke & Thomas Paine), said all man have NATURAL RIGHTS of "Life, Liberty, & the pursuit of Happiness).

What were some of the inequalities/ movements that were gaining increased awareness in society during & after the Revolutionary War?

Some individuals calling for abolition of slavery (Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Law 1780-- prohibited importation of slaves into Penn & said all children would be born free even if their parents weren't. Model for other Northern states to FOLLOW).
Increased calls for greater political DEMOCRACY (Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies", Judith Sargent Murray advocated education for females)?

What was republican motherhood and what was its impact?

In response to women's participation in the revolution & Enlightenment ideas, "republican motherhood" gained popularity. Called on women to teach/instill REPUBLICAN VALUES in children & families. Increased political opportunities for women & gave them a new importance in American political culture.

How did the American Revolution and the ideas in the Declaration of independence IMPACT the world?

Inspired REVOLUTIONS across the world: French Revolution 1789, Haitian Revolution (Toussaint L'Ouverture helped Haiti gain independence from France 1804), many spanish colonies in Latin America gained INDEPENDENCE in early 19th century.

What were many of the new STATE constitutions like?

- Feared strong CENTRALIZED power (like Great Britain before Rev).
- Articles of Confederation & state constitutions had strong LEGISLATIVE branches.
- PROPERTY requirements for voting & citizenship (fear of the masses-- Hamilton)

The Articles of Confederation UNIFIED the newly independent states & created a central govt w/ LIMITED power: What were some CHALLENGES under the Articles as a result of this?

- Trade: states could place TARIFFS on goods from other states; discouraged trade (commerce) btwn states
- Finances: States could COIN their own $; differing values, high inflation in some states, & discouraged trade. Many states had debt from Revolution so increased taxes, but the Fed govt couldn't require taxes.
- Foreign relations: Britain refused COMMERCIAL treaties with US & congress couldn't control commerce (so can't place sanctions on Britain). Spain cut off access to the Mississippi River & both Spain & Britain gave Natives WEAPONS.
- Internal unrest: SHAY'S REBELLION (mass farmers demanded debt relief & attacked court houses).
PROBLEMS MADE AMERICANS REALIZE THEY NEEDED A STRONGER CENTRAL GOVT.

What did the delegates from the states (at the Constitutional Convention) propose for a new constitution?

They created a limited govt that embodied FEDERALISM (division of powers btwn state & federal govts) so there was specific POWERS for both the federal and state govts.

What were some of the constitutional COMPROMISES?

The GREAT COMPROMISE (or connecticut compromise): combined VA plan (LARGE states-- House of Reps, proportional representation, CENSUS taken every 10 years to determine population) & NJ plan (SMALL states-- Senate, equal representation).
The 3/5 COMPROMISE : For the purpose of representation, each slave would be count as 3/5 of a person in the SOUTH.
BOTH COMPROMISES SETTLED THE ISSUE OF REPRESENTATION!

What were the debates over RATIFYING the Constitution?

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
- FEDERALIST PAPERS (Hamilton, Madison, Jay) were written to advocate for the RATIFICATION of the Constitution.
- Finally ratified because the Federalists promised to add a BILL OF RIGHTS (protected individual rights & restricted powers of the federal govt)

What were some of the institutions and precedents (examples) established/set by Washington & Adams?

- 2 term tradition by Washington.
- Creation of the CABINET.
- Creation of the Bank of the US (BUS) by Hamilton

What were the political PARTIES that emerged as a result of the varied positions on certain issues (states rights, economic, foreign, etc.)?

FEDERALISTS (Hamilton): Stronger federal govt, Hamilton's financial plan (BUS-- was NOT mentioned in Constitution but Hamilton argued the Necessary and Proper/elastic clause), favored BRITAIN (bc of trade and $) in foreign affairs.

Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson&Madison): Smaller govt, Virginia+Kentucky Resolutions (written in response to Alien & Sedition acts; belief states could NULLIFY federal law), favored FRANCE bc they saw the French Revolution as an extension of the American Revolution.

What were the impacts of the expansion of SLAVERY in the deep South & adjacent western lands?

- Antislavery sentiment began to grow in the NORTH

-Emergence of SECTIONAL attitudes towards slavery began around 1800

- South's transition from "A Necessary Evil" to "A Positive Good"

What were the relations w/ NATIVES post-Revolutionary War (1780s to war of 1812) like?

- Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794, Ohio): Native Americans led by Little Turtle were DEFEATED by Americans (630 Americans were killed)
- Natives signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1794, CEDING a significant amount of land but were allowed to retain SOME land (which was later encroached upon)
- The relationship btwn Britain and Natives contributed to TENSIONS with the US (helps lead to War of 1812).

What were the newly emerging FRONTIER cultures like?

Caused by an increasing number of migrants from North America & other parts of the world moving WESTWARD.
- Scots-Irish (Paxton Boys): Tended to settle on the FRONTIER (the edge of settlement), & settled on land w/o regard for OWNERSHIP (govt, natives, etc.). Displaced and suppressed Native Americans.
- Shays' Rebellion, which illustrated tensions btwn POOR (backcountry) and WEALTHY (interior)

Northwest Land Ordinance (1787)

- Created a PROCESS to admit new states (once a population of 60,000 was reached)
- Guaranteed freedom of religion & trial by jury (before Bill of Rights)
- Portion of land sales went to fund EDUCATION (16th square mile)
- Slavery ABOLISHED in the territory.
- Protection of private property

How did the ambiguous (unclear) relationship btwn federal govt & Native Americans cause issues?

- In the Constitution, there was NO mention of treatment/relation with natives & they didn't have REPRESENTATION in govt.
- Leads to issues over LAND (Treaty of Greenville)

Spanish expanding settlements into California (1760s)

- MISSIONS, or forts were created: Trade expanded
- Many Natives died from disease, others forced to convert to Christianity

What were some of the diplomatic initiatives that the US forged in response to the continued presence of European powers in North America?

Jay's Treaty (1795): Treaty with BRITAIN, the US received compensation from damaged ships (upsets the South), Britain promised to leave posts (forts on American Soil), one cause of the development of POLITICAL PARTIES
Pinckney's Treaty (1795): Treaty w/ Spain, US granted navigation rights on Miss. River

George Washington's Farewell Address

He encouraged national unity and WARNED against: Political parties & permanent foreign alliances.

**Connect this to the failed Treaty of Versailles and the US joining NATO after WWII

triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

Snake Cartoon

Propaganda created by Ben Franklin during French + Indian War to unify the colonies against the French

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

The Albany Congress

1754- Proposed by Benjamin Franklin to try and unite all of the colonies during the french and Indian war. 7 of 13 colonies sent representatives.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763. After French and Indian War, Native Americans resisted colonial advancement westward to leading to armed conflict.

The Proclamation of 1763

1763. British law that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

mercantilism

English Economic policy of 1600's-1763 to serve the mother country. Sought to increase wealth and power through acquisition of gold and silver and establishing a favorable balance of trade.

virtual representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

actual representation

In order to be taxed by Parliament, the Americans rightly should have actual legislators seated and voting in London, reps that were elected from the colonies

non-importation agreements

This was the series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists to protest British revenue policies. The Stamp Act triggered the first. This form of resistance was adopted after the Stamp Act and then the Townshend Acts.

No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

The Boston Massacre

1770. Colonists gathered outside the Boston customs house. Colonists and redcaots taunted each other, snowballs and rocks thrown. British shots were fired killing five colonists. Stirred up anti-British feelings.

Committees of Correspondence

Led by Patriot Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. Law led to boycotts and Stamp Act Congress.

Stamp Act Congress

1765. A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Boston Tea Party

1773. Protest by the Sons of Liberty against the Tea Act. Dumped large quantity of tea into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party. Closed Boston Harbor. Colonists responded by creating the 1st Continental Congress.

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea. Replaced the Stamp Act

Common Sense

1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Olive Branch Petition

In 1775, after a few early battles, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances. It was rejected by Parliament.

Declaration of Independence

1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

Battle of Saratoga

American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution. The French allied with America after this battle.

Franco-American Alliance

1778 France aided the U.S. in the American Revolution, and the U.S. agreed to aid France if the need ever arose; although France could have used American aid during the French Revolution, the U.S. didn't do anything to help (Neutrality Proclamation)

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the French and Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of North America; France gave up Canada and all land East of the Mississippi River

complete boycott

Economic policy created by the 1st Continental Congress in response to the Intolerable Acts. Policy stated that the colonists would not buy sell anything to the British.

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by England to control colonial trade in the 1600s and 1700s, part of the mercantilism policy. However, not enforced much until the French and Indian War.

Quartering Act

1765. Required colonists to house and feed British soldiersDeclaratory Act

Declaratory Act

1766. Issued after the failed Stamp Act, this gave Parliament the right to tax in the future.

Tea Act

1773. Allowed the British East India Company to have a monopoly on tea sold directly to the colonists.

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774, law that set up a government for Canada and protected the rights of French Catholics. Extended Quebec through Ohio Valley and upset Americans

1st Continental Congress

in 1774, meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia (Georgia did not attend ) to discuss colonial grievances against Parliament. Created in response to the Intolerable Acts.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

April 1775. These battles were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. "The shots heard 'round the world". Britain attacked these towns looking for arms stored up by the Patriots.

Battle of Yorktown

1781 battle in Virginia after which the British declared defeat effectively ending the Revolutionary War

Treaty of Paris 1783

1783. Final treaty of Revolutionary War giving the United States all land west to the Mississippi River and north to the Great Lakes

Declaration of Independence

1776. Written by Thomas Jefferson explaining the reasons for independence and signed by 56 men in Philadelphia.

Sons of Liberty

Secret society formed to oppose British policies, most famous for organizing the Boston Tea Party

Sam Adams

He created and organized the Committees of Correspondence in the 1770s. He agitated so much for Independence he is called "The Father of the Revolution"

Paul Revere

Patriot who created the famous Boston Massacre engraving in 1770 and yelled "The British Are Coming"

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense that was a major cause of the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Was an Enlightenment thinker and wrote the Age of Reason later.

Age of Enlightenment

1740-1800 movement in Europe and America.
Educated people began to use reason to uncover error, show truth, and question authority

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. 20% of colonists.

Patriots

American colonists who supported independence from Great Britain. Many were from New England

Patrick Henry

"Give me liberty or give me death". From Virginia. Major Patriot and later a strong Anti-Federalist.

George Washington

From Virginia. Leader of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Eventual President of the Constitutional Convention and 1st President of the United States.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution and greatly aided the American cause.

John Hancock

President of the Second Continental Congress. Major smuggler of trade against the British. Large handwriting.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Hessians

American slang for the German troops under British command. They were more interested in booty than duty.

republican motherhood

The idea that arose in late 1700s/early 1800s, that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children.

Federalists (Constitution)

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. Hamilton + Washington.

Anti-Federalists (Constitution)

A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights. Patrick Henry + Jefferson.

loose interpretation

A broad way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the Federal Government to take actions that the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking. Favored by Alexander Hamilton as a way of creating the National Bank.

strict interpretation

A way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the Federal Gov't to ONLY do those things SPECIFICALLY mentioned in the Constitution

states' rights

the idea that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government. Anti-Feds and then Dem-Reps were for this.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Law created under the Articles of Confederation, established conditions for admitting new states, and permanently prohibited slavery in this region.

Shays Rebellion

Rebellion of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted weaknesses of the Articles and showed the need for a strong national government

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

New Jersey Plan

A framework for the Constitution proposed by a group of small states. Its key points were a one-house legislature with one vote for each state, a Congress with the ability to raise revenue, and a Supreme Court with members appointed for life.

The Great Compromise

Compromise of Virginia and New Jersey Plans. A state's representation in the House of Reps would be based on population; Two senators for each state

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

The U. S. Constitution

The Supreme Law of the land, completed in 1787 at the Philadelphia Convention. New gov't began on March 4, 1789 with Washington as 1st President.

assumption

Part of Hamilton's economic plan. The Fed Gov't would take over the debts of states following the Revolution. Made Southern states upset because they had no debt, so capital was moved to Washington DC.

implied powers

Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution. Used by Hamilton and Federalists to justify more powerful central government. The Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution

tariff

A tax on imported goods. 1st proposed by Hamilton to generate $ for the federal gov't.

excise tax

a tax on whiskey. Proposed by Hamilton to generate $ for federal government. Upset western farmers led to Whiskey Rebellion.

The Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments of the Constitution. Created after the ratification of the Constitution to appease supporters of states' rights (The Anti-Federalists).