Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to anatomy, physiology, and pathology as introduced in the lecture.

What is the standard anatomical position?

The standard anatomical position is when the human body is erect, facing forward, with arms at the side and palms facing forward.

What are the terms that describe anterior and posterior in anatomy?

Anterior refers to the front or belly side, while posterior refers to the back side.

What does it mean if a body part is described as superior?

Superior means that the body part is closer to the top of the head.

How is the term inferior used in anatomy?

Inferior indicates a position farther from the top of the head.

What is meant by medial in anatomical terms?

Medial refers to something that is toward the midline of the body.

Explain the term bilateral as used in anatomy.

Bilateral refers to something relating to or affecting both sides.

What does proximal mean in anatomical language?

Proximal means closer to the point of attachment to the body.

Define distal in terms of anatomical positioning.

Distal refers to a body part that is farther from its point of attachment.

What does superficial mean in anatomy?

Superficial indicates a position that is closer to the surface.

Explain deep in the context of anatomical direction.

Deep refers to a position that is farther from the surface.

What does the term axial refer to in anatomy?

Axial refers to the head, neck, and trunk regions.

Identify the definition of abdominal in anatomical terms.

Abdominal refers to the belly area.

What is meant by the inguinal region?

The inguinal region refers to the area of the groin.

Explain what the thoracic region encompasses.

The thoracic region includes the chest area.

What is the definition of the term sagittal plane?

The sagittal plane separates the body into right and left sections.

Define the term homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a steady internal environment despite changes in the external environment.

What is negative feedback in the context of physiology?

Negative feedback is a homeostatic mechanism where the response counteracts the original stimulus, reducing its intensity.

Describe positive feedback in physiological processes.

Positive feedback is a rare mechanism that increases the original stimulus to push the variable further from its original value.

What are signs of disease in pathology?

Signs are objective signals that can be measured, such as a fever.

Define symptoms in the context of pathology.

Symptoms are subjective signals that cannot be measured, such as nausea or headache.

What characterizes acute diseases?

Acute diseases have rapid onset, severe symptoms, and short duration.

Explain what chronic diseases are.

Chronic diseases are characterized by slow progression and long duration.

What are palliative treatments?

Palliative treatments are designed to make a patient more comfortable and improve quality of life.

Explain curative treatments in the context of disease management.

Curative treatments are designed to completely cure the patient of the disease.