civics full set 1-8

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Constitution did not protect the rights of people of African descent

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court ruling that stated segregated facilities are legal as long as they are equal - "separate but equal"

Booker T. Washington

early civil rights leader that advocated for gradual equality and economic improvement

W.E.B. DuBois

early civil rights leader that advocated for immediate equality, and that political action was the best way to advance black rights

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

non-violent resistance

The use of peaceful means to protest; refusing to fight back.

Martin Luther King Jr.

the leader of the Civil Rights Movement and used nonviolent resistance

Civil Disobedience

peaceful protest and coordinated refusal to comply with unjust laws

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

responsible for many nonviolent civil rights protest (at first)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

13-month campaign organized to end the segregation on the city's buses

Greensboro Sit-ins

Members of the SNCC organized "sit - in" of all-white lunch counters

Freedom Riders

activist rode interstate buses into the segregated South to challenge the non-enforcement of Browder v. Gayle

Birmingham Campaign

organized by Martin Luther King Jr. with national TV coverage revealed the brutality civil rights activists faced

March on Washington

led by Martin Luther King Jr. a peaceful protest to gain support for civil and economic equality

24th Amendment

prohibit the use of poll tax or other types of tax in order to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Malcolm X

advocated using violence if necessary, and supported the black separatist movement

The Ballot or the Bullet

speech that malcolm x gave, supported violence in self defense, exhorted blacks to cast off the shackles of racism "by any means necessary," including violence

Black Panther Party

militant group who was inspired by Malcolm X and was formed to fight police brutality

Loving v. Virginia

1867 court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools

Griggs v. Duke Power

Employment discrimination

Grutter v. Bollinger

Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, using conventional methods

Alice Paul

fought for women's rights using more controversial methods

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Gloria Steinem

Co-founded organizations and publications and encouraged women to run for political office

Shirley Chisholm

first African American woman elected to Congress

Title IX

Prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.

Intersectionality

A person's various identities (race, class, gender) all influence how they are treated and perceived

Women Economic Opportunities

more women entering the workforce in non-pink collar jobs and executive positions

Equal Rights Amendment

proposed amendment that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Roe v. Wade

(1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

Ruling: Ledbetter did not have standing to make a discrimination claim under current federal law

Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization

Supreme Court Cases that overturned Roe v. Wade

Executive Order 10450

prohibited LGBTQ individuals from having jobs in the federal government

Stonewall Uprising

beginning of the modern LBGTQ rights movement

Harvey Milk

1st openly gay politician in California, was assassinated

AIDS epidemic

Beginning in the early 1980's, public health officials began to see increased cases of the disease. Most Americans did not understand the disease, which led to stigma, fear, and discrimination

Second National March on Washington

protest march organized to support broad civil rights goals

Don't Ask Don't Tell

policy/law implemented by the Clinton administration to allow LGBTQ servicemembers to remain in the military without revealing their sexual orientation

Lawrence v. Texas

states cannot criminalize the personal actions of consenting adults

Obergefell v. Hodges

the right to marry for same-sex couples is protected by the 14th amendment

Establishment Clause

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

Free Exercise Clause

"Congress shall make no law… prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

protects the rights of Native Americans to exercise their traditional religions

Eugenics Movement

Pushed for government restrictions on immigration and the forced sterilization of criminals and people with mental illnesses

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

prohibits discrimination based on disability

Olmstead v. L.C.

People with disabilities cannot be segregated from the general population if state-funded, community-based services were more appropriate.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990)

provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability

Government

a system by which a country or society is overseen and regulated

Social Contract

People agree to live in a society for collective benefits, but must give up some rights/freedoms & follow laws

Responsibilities of Government

Maintain Order, Provide Security, Provide Services, Provide guidance, Protect Individual Rights

Democracy

A society that is ruled by its citizens; "rule by the people,"

Direct Democracy

All citizens participate in making political decisions

Representative Democracy

Citizens elect officials to make political decision on their behalf

Monarchy

a society that is ruled by a king or queen

Absolute Monarchy

has the absolute power to make all political decision and has the final say in all affairs

Constitutional Monarchy

the monarch power is limited by the constitution

Authoritarian

power is concentrated to an individual, or group, who is not accountable for their citizens

Theocracy

government where the political decisions are made by the religious leaders

Oligarchy

Ruled by a small group of wealth or influential people

"ruled by the few,"

Aristocracy

ruled by a samall group of people due to their nobility or lineage

"rule by the best,"

Anarchy

absence of a formal government and absolute freedom of the individual

Rule of Law

No one is above the law

Limited Government

government can only do what people give it the power to do

consent of the governed

People are the source of any and all governmental power

Individual Rights

Rights of individuals are protected by, and from the government

Representative Government

the people elect government leaders to make laws and govern on their behalf

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Federal Government

make laws that. govern an entire country

State Government

Make laws that govern the territory of a specific state

Local Government

make laws that govern the territory of a specific town, city, or country

Enumerated Powers

Powers the constitution specifically gives to the federal government

Implied Powers

powers that are unwritten but are necessary to carry out basic functions

Reserved Powers

Powers given to the state government by the constitution

Concurent powers

powers shared by both the federal and state governments

Local government responsibilities

Maintaining community spaces, Maintaining emergency services, Public Utilities

Ratified

formally approved

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolishes and prohibits slavery, except as punishment for a crime

14th Amendment

granted citizenship and equal protection to everyone born in the United States

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Suffrage

the right to vote

19th Amendment (1920)

Gave women the right to vote

Quotas

Laws passed by Congress to limit immigration

Naturalization Act of 1790

allowed any free white person to apply for citizenship if they had resided in the United States for at least two years

xenophobia

prejudice against people from other countries

American (Know-Nothing) Party

advocated in favor of restrictions on immigration and limiting the rights of immigrants

Assimilation

immigrants giving up their traditional cultural practices and adopting what the majority of the country practices

Chinese Exclusion Act

This law specifically targeted immigrants from China and prevented most from entering the United States which remained in place until 1943

Ellis Island

was created as the main entry point for immigrants on the East Coast