Properties of Water, Water on a String, Water Biomes, and Water video Review for Earth Science

70%-95%

How much water are cells comprised of?

Water

Naturally occurs in all three states of mater on Earth.

1.Water molecules stick—cohesion/adhesion, 2.Water has a high heat capacity, 3. Universal Solvent, 4. Frozen water floats.

What are the 4 properties of water?

Cohesion

The strong attraction of water to itself.

Adhesion

Water molecules are also strongly attracted to other surfaces that hold charges.

Heat Capacity

Putting the same amount of heat into some materials gives a bigger temperature rise than in other materials.

Heat of vaporization

Energy required to turn 1g of liquid to gas.

Solvent

The dissolving agent. (Water)

Solute

The dissolved substance.

Molecules of water as a solid are further apart. Less dense than liquid water.

Why Ice Floats?

Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, and Precipitation

What are the major processes of the water cycle?

Purpose of the water cycle.

Natural renewal of surface water

Inaccessible Water

Snow, Glacial Ice, and in lake

Water table

Demarcation between dry land and water.

Discharge area

Where water comes out of the ground.

Runoff

Water runoff a slope.

Infiltration

Rain on a slope—water into the ground

Rural Flow of water

Recharge ditch → Saturate zone (groundwater)→ Groundwater discharge.

Aquifer flow

Aquifer →Groundwater flow→Groundwater discharge into the sea (by saltwater intrusion.)

Urban water cycle

Rain →Much less infiltration →soil— Runoff→Evaporation.

Lakes, Rivers, Estuaries, Intertidal zones, Coral reefs, Oceanic pelagic, Abyssal Zone

What are the 7 water zones?

Deep Ocean, Coasts, and Costal Wetlands

What are the 3 aquatic zones of the ocean?

Estuarine (Shallow), Bathyal (medium depth), and Abyssal Zones (deep deep ocean)

3 zones of the ocean? (In the ocean, not subsets).

Food & Fishing, Tourism & Recreation, Medicine, Costal Protection, and homes and nurseries.

Benefits of coral reefs.

Costal development, overfishing, runoff of non point source pollution, point source pollution, and habitat destruction.

Major threats to marine systems.

Lakes, ponds, rivers and streams, and wetlands (marshes and swamps).

What are the aquatic biomes?

Lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands

What are examples the standing (lentic) freshwater bodies?

Streams and rivers

What are the (lotic) flowing freshwater systems?

Upland, riparian, emergent, and littoral.

4 zones of a vegetated freshwater shoreline?

Upland Zone

Dryland, Freshwater zone where trees grow (above the lake).

Riparian

Freshwater zone with heavy vegetation. Removes pollution from runoff. Buffer zone.

Emergent

The freshwater zone with water plants. Plants adopted to be submerged and not submerged.

Littoral

The freshwater zone that is underwater.

Lake Turnover

Water currents go clockwise in the fall or spring.

Epilimnion (top layer), Thermocline (middle layer), and hypolimnion (bottom layer)

Parts of a lake?

1.Source zone, 2. Transition zone, 3.Floodplain zone.

What are the 3 zones of a river?

Source Zone

Headwaters, which river zone is this? Hint: Rain and snow, lakes, glacier, rapids, and waterfalls.

Transition zone

Which river zone is this? Hint: It has tributaries and flood plains.

Floodplain zone

Which river zone is this? (Hint: It has oxbow lakes, salt marshes, the river delta, and it is where the river finally meets the ocean)

70%-75%

How much of the Earth is covered in water?

70% Sea water, 30% Fresh water, 3% available water—>1/10 of 1% is used by humans.

How much of the sea water is available? How much of the fresh water is available? How much water is useable, how much do we use?

2 types of aquifers

Unconfined and Confined

Unconfined aquifer

Aquifer that is more easily accessible. Contains water that is days or years old.

Confined aquifer

Aquifer that is not so easily reached. Contains water that is hundreds of years old.

Saturated zone

Flowing ground water.

Unsaturated zone

Not flowing groundwater.

Rain, ice, snow, sleet.

What will the water table be made of?

Water table, Unconfined aquifer, Confirming bed, Contained aquifer, confirming bed, and contained aquifer

Layout of aquifer

Aral Sea

Large-scale water transfers in Central Asia. High salinity, dramatic drop in sea level, wetlands eliminated, fish and wildlife losses, glacial melting rates increased, and climate alterations.

Water pollution examples

Contamination with chemicals, excessive heat, or physical objects. Types are point-source, non-point-source, infectious disease organisms, contaminated drinking water.

Types of groundwater pollution

Septic tank, diesel storage, barns, and driving sheds.

Cuyahoga River

Polluted river that had 13 fires, 5 deaths, cost $1.3M in damages, and got a lot of media attention by oil in the river on June 22, 1969.

1/1/1970

When was the EPA established?

1972

When was the Clean Water Act enacted?

Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

Happened on April 20, 2010. 11 workers died, 3,190,000 barrels of oil spilled into the gulf in 87 days, and it was only stopped on July 15, 2010.

Inferior cement, Valve failure #1, Incorrect analysis of pressure test, leak was not identified, valve failure #2, overwhelmed separator, lack of alarm, and no battery backup.

8 Comedy of Errors mistakes in the gulf spill

Useful for drinking and irrigation, exists almost everywhere, renewable if not over pumped or contaminated, cheaper to extract than most surface water.

Advantages of using groundwater.

Aquifer depleting from over pumping, sinking of land from over pumping, some deeper wells are nonrenewable, pollution of aquifers lasts decades or centuries.

Disadvantages of using groundwater.

Use water more efficiently, subsidize water conservation, limit number of wells, stop growing water-intensive crops in dry areas, raise price of water to discourage waste, tax water pumped from wells near surface waters, build rain gardens in urban areas, use permeable paving material.

Solutions to groundwater depletion

800x

How much more powerful is water than air?

15cm

How much rain does it take to move a car?

Rain falls in Ethiopia and floods the white nile which in turn flows through Egypt.

Why does Egypt flood, yet it doesn’t receive rain?

Oasis

Water pocket in the desert, that is usually non-renewable.

25km wide, 2km deep.

How big and wide is the Grand Canyon?

The Colorado River.

What formed the Grand Canyon?

Scablands

Formed by Lake Missoula Glacier. 40,000km.

Hoover Dam

Completed in Nevada in 5 years, and creates electricity in California, Nevada, and Arizona. It is 221 meters tall.

Glaciers

Most erosive and most powerful force? They give U-Shaped valleys.

Tsunami

Most destructive water events. They can move at 700km/hour.

Carbonic acid and rain

What wears away limestone.

Storm surge

Water after storm.