AP Euro Unit 2

Protestant Reformation

a 16th-century religious and political movement that splintered Western Christianity and established Protestantism

Impacts of Reformation

Europe divided into Catholics and Protestants.

Wars/conflicts broke out

Scientific progress/discoveries

Political moves (kings broke away from Church)

Martin Luther

wrote 95 Theses (complaints to church), established Lutheranism (branch of Protestantism)

Indulgences

a certificate sold by the Catholic Church that promised to reduce a person’s temporal punishment or time in purgatory

Salvation by Faith Alone

Protestant belief that God grants salvation through faith, completely apart from rituals or church sacraments

Vernacular Bible

bible in common, everyday language

Lutheranism

branch of Protestantism by Martin Luther

German Princes & the Reformation

German princes used Protestant Reformation to break away from papal authority, seize church property, and increase political independence from the HRE

Charles V

inherited a massive global empire but failed to maintain Catholic unity against the Protestant Reformation and the Ottoman Empire

Schmalkaldic League/Wars

religious and political conflict fought between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes (ended by Peace of Augsburg 1555: rulers could choose whether their state was Catholic or Lutheran)

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist/priest, started Zwinglianism

Marburg Colloquy

1529 theological conference that attempted to unite Swiss and German protestants, ultimately failed bc of disagreements over Eucharist (Christian ritual about bread & wine)

Lord’s Supper/Communion: Luther vs. Zwingli

luther & zwingli split bc luther focused on christ’s physical presence, while zwingli thought it was symbolic memorial

John Calvin

formed Calvinism (absolute sovereignty of god, predestination), focus on predestination

Predestination

God predetermined before the creation of the world who would be saved and who would be damned

Sovereignty of God

(calvinist) God possesses absolute power, supreme authority, and total control over the universe

Geneva

Calvin transformed the independent city-state of Geneva into a model religious republic (theocracy)

Anabaptists

Protestants; rejected infant baptism, Separation of Church and State (gov’t shouldn’t interfere w/ religious beliefs)

Henry VIII

couldn’t get annulment w/ Catherine of Aragon, broke from Church (Act of Supremacy), formed Church of England/Anglican Church

Elizabeth I

Tudor monarch who stabilized England through a moderate religious settlement, defeated the Spanish Armada, example of a "new monarch"

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

legislative compromise introduced by Queen Elizabeth I to end religious turmoil in England and establish a centralized Anglican Church (example of Religious Moderation: political/religious compromises to maintain stability)

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic Queen of Scotland, threat to Elizabeth I (Protestant cousin), executed by Elizabeth I which sparked Spanish Armada conflict

Spanish Armada

massive fleet of ships sent by Catholic King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade Protestant England, overthrow Queen Elizabeth I, and end English interference in the Spanish Netherlands

Catholic Reformation / Counter-Reformation

Church wanted to stop spread of Protestantism and restore faith in Church → fixed problems. stopped Protestantism spread, renewed Church strength, Catholic teachings spread, religious conflicts continued.

Council of Trent

reformed Church problems to restore faith. Decided: salvation came from faith and good works, all 7 sacraments are important, Church could interpret Bible freely, Pope is important, no more Indulgences sold. Reaffirmed Catholic Doctrine and reformed Church abuses (indulgences)

Jesuits / Society of Jesus

Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540 to serve as the chief intellectual and missionary arm of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Goals: education, missionary work, loyalty to Pope

Roman Inquisition

court system used to investigate heresy

Spanish Inquisition

royal-controlled religious tribunal established in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella to enforce Catholic orthodoxy and centralize state power

Index of Forbidden Books

listed books Catholics weren’t allowed to read (contained Protestant ideas)

St. Teresa of Avila

reformed convents and encouraged stronger spiritual faith: helped Church

Carmelite Reform

16th-century Counter-Reformation movement led by St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross to restore strict poverty, prayer, and the primitive rule to the Carmelite Order (Catholic spiritual renewal and internal reform)

French Wars of Religion

series of civil wars between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists), 1562-1598

Huguenots

French Calvinists: included nobles & merchants

Ultra-Catholics

extreme Catholics in France who wanted to eradicate all Calvinists

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Guise family (catholic) convinced Catherine de Medici that Huguenots were threats; CdM had 30,000 Huguenots killed

Henry of Navarre / Henry IV

originally Huguenot leader, married to Catholic Margaret of Valois for peace between Catholics/Huguenots. captured after St. Bartholomew’s, released after pretending to be catholic. becomes King Henry IV after Henry III is killed. becomes catholic for peace

The War of Three Henries

Henry, Duke of Guise + King Philip II of Spain: want to kill Huguenots

King Henry III + Henry of Navarre: want to prevent Philip II from controlling FRA

Henry III & Henry of Navarre WIN. Henry III killed → Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV.

Edict of Nantes

France is Catholic. Huguenots can worship freely in protective towns

Politiques

16th- and 17th-century rulers and thinkers who put the peace, unity, and survival of the state above religious purity or dogmatic beliefs (see Henry IV convert to Cath.)

Religious Toleration

a government's decision to allow minority religious groups to worship without persecution, rather than enforcing modern religious equality

Philip II

Catholic. Inherited ESP, NLD, Spanish New World from father Charles V. Goals: consolidate power, expand Catholicism, make Spain major euro power. Problems: Spain + territories too big, economy not good (inflation from too much gold).

Dutch Revolt

the Dutch resisted Philip’s control: didn’t want their freedoms to be weakened under Philip II. frustrated bc taxes were used for Spanish and Philip tried to crush Calvinism

Duke of Alva

sent by Philip II to crush Dutch rebellion. caused many Dutch commoners to join nobles in rebellion against Spanish.

Pacification of Ghent

tried to unite all Dutch provinces under William of Orange, but failed bc of religious differences

Union of Arras

southern Dutch provinces, Catholic, accepted Spanish control

Union of Utrecht

formed by William of Orange. united northern Dutch-speaking states into Protestant union.

Thirty Years’ War

started by Defenestration of Prague (HRE reps thrown out of window). Catholics vs. Protestants.

Bohemian & Danish Phases: Catholics won (Edict of Restitution: Calvinism is illegal)

Swedish & French Phases: Protestants won

Ferdinand II

Catholic; wants to bring back Catholicism, sends reps to Prague to tell nobles that Calvinism is inacceptable. says that Peace of Augsburg says nothing of Calvinism

Habsburgs

fought for Catholics and HRE, rivals of France

France in 30 Years’ War

joined Protestants / Swedish (powerful military! 1st army of conscripted soldiers) in war. ironic bc France were catholic but wanted to defeat Habsburgs

Religious vs. Political Motivations

religious ex. catholics v. protestants; catholics didn’t believe in the existence of protestants & their ideas

political ex. france joining protestant side to beat Habsburg rivals

Peace of Westphalia

allows people to choose own religion (Lutheranism, Catholicism, Calvinism)

France gains territory in western Germany

Habsburg family has HRE power diminished

separation of religion & politics (Pope not involved in these talks)

Dutch Republic’s independence from Spain recognized

Decline of HRE

HRE is weaker after 30 Years’ War bc they are still divided

Christian Humanism

combination of humanism with Christianity, focused on unlimited human potential and freedom.

Women & The Reformation

Protestant Reformation changed women's roles by elevating the social status of marriage and motherhood, but it did not grant them social or political equality.

Marriage and childbirth expected for religious merit. Women expected to read (bible reading, religious teachings)

Married Clergy

Protestant rejection of Roman Catholic mandatory clerical celibacy. Suppressed nunneries, reframed home as center of religious education.

Gender Differences in Literacy

usually more men could write than women, women were only taught to read for reading bible

Charivari

a noisy, degrading public shaming ritual used by early modern European village communities to police personal behavior and enforce moral standards

Carnival

the traditional festive season occurring right before the Christian season of Lent. was regulated bc of drunkenness and chaos

Public Shaming

punishments for bad behavior, trying to prevent people from making same mistake again. enforced religious discipline, which was norm

Priesthood of all believers

all baptized Christians have direct access to God w/o a mediator

Sola Scriptura

Protestant doctrine saying Bible is only authority for faith