Human A&P Exam 1

anatomy

study of structure and structural relationships to other structures

physiology

study of function

homeostasis

the ability of a body to maintain a constant, balanced enviornment

negative feedback mechanism

the mechanism the body uses to maintain homeostasis by counteracting change and deviation; resistance to deviation from the set point

positive feedback mechanism

the mechanism that is the bodies reaction to a deviation in homeostasis where the deviation is enhanced or magnified, becoming worse

anatomic position

the position we refer back to where the human stands upright with their body, feet, and head facing forward, palms out

supine

anatomic position but flat on back

prone

anatomic position but flat on belly

long-axis

head to toe; a human’s height

trunk

section of the body made up of the thorax and abdomen

sagittal plane

one of the body planes that divides the left and right of the body along the long-axis; divides side to side

coronal/frontal

one of the body planes that divides the front and back of the body vertically

transverse/horizontal

one of the body planes that divides the top and bottom of the body horizontally

inferior

term meaning below

superior

term meaning above

anterior/ventral

term meaning front

posterior/dorsal

term meaning back

proximal

term meaning closer to the point of attachment to the thorax (used to describe points on the limbs)

distal

term meaning farther away from the point of attachment to the thorax (used to describe points on the limbs)

shoulder

What is the origin of the upper limb?

hip

What is the origin of the lower limb?

arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand

What are the five parts of the upper limb?

arm

portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow

forearm

portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

thigh

portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee

leg

portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle

digits

term referring to the fingers and toes

phalanges

the rows of bones that make up the digits in the finger; there are proximal, middle, and distal rows

thumb

Which finger is digit 1 on the hand?

pointer

Which finger is digit 2 on the hand?

middle

Which finger is digit 3 on the hand?

ring

Which finger is digit 4 on the hand?

pinkie

Which finger is digit 5 on the hand?

the big toe

Which toe is digit 1 on the foot?

pinkie toe

Which toe is digit 5 on the foot?

digit 5 (pinkie)

Which digit of the hand is medial when in anatomic position?

superficial

term meaning toward the surface

deep

term meaning away from surface

bones

What are the deepest parts of the body?

serous membranes

double layer membranes that envelope and separate organs from the rest of the body

pericardium membrane

the serous membrane of the heart

pleura membrane

the serous membrane of the lungs

peritoneum membrane

the serous membrane of the digestive organs/gut

parietal layer

layer of the serous membrane that is closer to the rest of the body, separating the organ from the body

visceral layer

layer of the serous membrane that is closer to the organ, keeping the organ contained

cells

building blocks of life

nervous tissue

type of tissue that makes up the CNS & PNS

muscle tissue

type of tissue that makes up the skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types

connective tissue

type of tissue that makes up the tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood, & fat

epithelial tissue

type of tissue that covers or lines stuff (such as the serous membrane)

organ

collection of tissue

system

several organs that work together

cell membrane

the phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cells; functions in membrane transport

membrane transport

the movement of materials from inside the cell to outside the cell or from outside the cell to inside the cell

passive membrane transport

membrane transport that doesn’t use energy; ex: diffusion

active membrane transport

membrane transport that uses energy; ex: Na+/K+ pump

diffusion

the movement of material across a membrane when there is a imbalance, a concentration difference/gradient

high concentration to low concentration

What is the movement involved in diffusion?

epidermis

the most superficial layer to skin

protective barrier & waterproofing

What are the two main functions of the skin?

integumentary system

the body's outermost layer, composed of skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerves; composed of two layers: epidermis & dermis

dermis

the most deep layer to skin

subcutaneous

anything below the two layers of the skin

epidermis

In a 1st degree burn, what is damaged?

epidermis & part of the dermis

In a 2nd degree burn, what is damaged?

epidermis & all of the dermis

In a 3rd degree burn (aka full thickness), what is damaged?

the skin is destroyed, leaving the person vulnerable to infections and diseases and usually leaving scaring

What is the sometimes fatal side effect of 3rd degree burns?

epidermis, all dermis, and something subcutaneously

In a 4th degree burn, what is damaged?

rule of nines

shorthand used to estimate what percentage of the total body surface is damaged by burns; greater surface area means more likely fatal; percentages (in multiples of 9) are assigned to portions of the body

9%

What percentage of BSA is the head & neck estimated to be with the rule of nines?

9% each

What percentage of BSA are the upper limbs estimated to be with the rule of nines?

36%

What percentage of BSA is the whole thorax estimated to be with the rule of nines?

18% each

What percentage of BSA are the lower limbs estimated to be with the rule of nines?

1%

What percentage of BSA is the groin area estimated to be with the rule of nines?

predicted mortality rate

calculation to determine the estimated liklihood someone will die from a 3rd degree burn, based on BSA% and age

BSA% + age (years) = PMR

What is the formula for the predicted mortality rate (PMR) calculation?

protection, support, movement, blood cell production, and regulating blood calcium homeostasis

What are the five functions of the bone?

bone marrow

the part of the bone where blood cells are produced

enables neuromuscular excitability

What is the important of Ca++ in the blood?

living

Bones are (nonliving/living) tissue.

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

What are the three types of bone cells?

osteoblast

one of the types of bone cells which functions to build new bone and lower blood Ca++ levels

blood Ca++ levels lower

When new bone is built by the osteoblasts, what happens to the blood Ca++?

osteocytes

mature bone cells which function to maintain pre-existing bone

osteoclasts

type of bone cells that tear down bone, increasing the blood Ca++ levels

blood Ca++ levels increase

When bone is torn down by the osteoclasts, what happens to the blood Ca++?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hormone that increase blood Ca++ by telling the osteoclasts to tear down the bone and the osteoblasts to wait

calcitonin

hormone that decrease blood Ca++ by telling the osteoblasts to create new bone and the osteoclasts to wait

osteo

prefix meaning bone

striated

term meaning a muscle with a stripped appearance

skeletal muscle

striated muscular tissue that is connected to bones and can be controlled voluntarily

cardiac muscle

striated muscular tissue that controls the heart and cannot be controlled voluntarily

smooth muscle

non-striated muscular tissue that is found in digestive and cannot be controlled voluntarily

muscle cells

aka muscle fibers; long & thin fibers that are packed (along with thousands of others) into the whole muscle

myofilaments

group filaments that make up the muscle cells

sacromere

term for the actin and myosin in the myosfilament of the skeletal muscle

actin

thin myofilament

myosin

thick myofilament

binds myosin to actin

What is the function of Ca++ in muscle contraction?

providing energy to allow for contraction

What is the function of ATP in muscle contraction?