Executive Branch Notes

Formal Powers of the President

The explicit powers granted to the President by Article II of the Constitution, including command of the armed forces, granting pardons, and appointing officials.

Executive Order

A formal order issued by the President to direct action by the Federal bureaucracy.

Executive Privilege

The ability of the President to withhold certain information from the public, Congress, and courts.

Bully Pulpit

The President’s use of media to push their agenda.

22nd Amendment

Limits the President to two four-year terms.

25th Amendment

Addresses the transfer of power if the President cannot carry out duties or dies.

War Powers Act

Requires the President to inform Congress of any military action.

Chief of State

The symbolic leader of the nation, representing the people and performing ceremonial duties.

Chief Executive

Enforces laws, runs the government, and grants pardons.

Commander in Chief

Leads the military and makes key military decisions.

Chief Legislator

Proposes bills, signs/vetoes laws, and delivers the State of the Union Address.

Chief Diplomat

Makes U.S. foreign policy, negotiates treaties, and meets with world leaders.

Political Party Leader

Leads their political party, appoints party members to positions, and campaigns for candidates.

Federalist No. 70

Argues for the need of a strong, energetic executive leader for accountability and efficiency.

Vice President's Roles

President of the Senate (casts tie-breaking votes) and 2nd in line for presidential succession.

White House Staff

The closest advisors to the President, often campaign aides.

Executive Office of the President

Agencies that help the President accomplish their policy agenda (e.g., OMB, CEA, NSC).

Cabinet

A group of leaders of executive departments who advise the President.

Independent/Regulatory Agencies

They operate independently, and their heads have fixed terms and can only be removed for cause.