Chem 2 Week 3 Canvas

Conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate is referred to as
A)glycogenesis
B)glycogenolysis
C)glycolysis
D)glyconeogenesis

C)glycolysis

The breakdown of glycogen stores in the liver to increase serum glucose is referred to as
A)glycogenesis
B)glycogenolysis
C)glycolysis
D)glyconeogenesis

B)glycogenolysis

By what mechanism does glucagon promote hyperglycemia?
A)Glucagon inhibits gluconeogenesis.
B)Glucagon inhibits glycogenesis.
C)Glucagon stimulates insulin release.
D)Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis.

D)Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis.

A 75-year-old man was brought by his daughter to a hospital emergency department. He was in a confused state, trembling, sweating, with a rapid pulse, lightheadedness, and complaining of hunger and epigastric discomfort. His daughter claims that he does not drink alcohol and that he takes oral hypoglycemic drugs to control his diabetes. What is the likely cause of his symptoms?
A)The oral hypoglycemic drugs are affecting his thyroid gland.
B)His diabetes is not being adequately controlled and is leading to lactic alkalosis.
C)He is likely suffering from pheochromocytoma and the effects of increased epinephrine.
D)He has possibly taken too much of his medication and is suffering from hypoglycemia.

D)He has possibly taken too much of his medication and is suffering from hypoglycemia.

The glucose assay on an analyzer uses hexokinase as the enzyme that phosphorylates glucose. What are the initial products formed from the first step of this reaction?
A)Glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
B)Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and NADH
C)Glycosylated hemoglobin
D)6-Phosphogluconate and hydrogen ions

A)Glucose-6-phosphate and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

The major storage carbohydrate in animals is _____, which is located most abundantly in _____.
A)starch; skeletal muscle
B)glycoprotein; cell membranes
C)cellulose; vegetable fibers
D)glycogen; the liver

D)glycogen; the liver

A type 1 diabetic who is in the early stages of the disease is taken to the emergency room with symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which one of the following endogenous hormones might be the cause of this?
A)Lactate
B)Cortisol
C)Glucagon
D)Epinephrine

C)Glucagon

What effect does ethanol have on blood glucose value?
A)Decreases
B)Increases

A)Decreases

What effect does septicemia have on blood glucose value?
A)Decreases
B)Increases

A)Decreases

What effect does glucagon have on blood glucose value?
A)Decreases
B)Increases

B)Increases

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, excess ketones are present in the blood and urine because of
A)increased glucose uptake into cells.
B)increased breakdown of lipids (lipolysis).
C)decreased lipid formation.
D)increased glycolysis.

B)increased breakdown of lipids (lipolysis).

Which of the following is characteristic of type 1A diabetes mellitus?
A)Normal blood insulin levels
B)Individuals with this type of diabetes are not prone to ketosis.
C)Circulating autoantibodies formed against pancreatic insulin-secreting cells.
D)Lack or decrease of functional insulin receptors on cells

C)Circulating autoantibodies formed against pancreatic insulin-secreting cells.

Determining urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is critical in type 1 and type 2 diabetics because
A)it assesses the long-term blood glucose concentration in a diabetic to monitor glucose control over an 8- to 12-week period.
B)UAE increase indicates increased glycation of serum albumin that forms fructosamine and leads to ketoacidosis.
C)increased UAE is highly predictive of and is thought to precede diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease.
D)this indicates increased attachment of glucose to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that contribute to the microvascular complications of diabetes.

C)increased UAE is highly predictive of and is thought to precede diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease.

The syndrome that is considered a collection of associated clinical and laboratory findings that include insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, high triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hypertension is the
A)glucotoxic syndrome.
B)insulin resistance syndrome.
C)glucose counter-regulatory syndrome.
D)type 1A diabetes mellitus syndrome.

B)insulin resistance syndrome

A pregnant woman at 27 weeks gestation is screened for gestational diabetes mellitus. Plasma venous glucose was measured at 1 hour following a 50 g oral glucose load. What value must this glucose be above or equal to for a glucose tolerance test to be performed?
A)The value must be ≥500 mg/dL glucose.
B)The value must remain within healthy glucose reference interval.
C)The value must be ≥140 mg/dL glucose.
D)The value must be ≥200 mg/dL glucose.

C)The value must be ≥140 mg/dL glucose.

Factors identified as associated with (and possibly causing) type 1 diabetes mellitus include all of the following except

A)autoimmune reaction.

B)genetic factors.

C)absolute deficiency of insulin.

D)insulin resistance.

D)insulin resistance.

Hb A1c makes up approximately what percentage of total Hb A1?
A)10%
B)25%
C)80%
D)50%

80%

Insulin deficiency in diabetes mellitus will cause
A)increased glucagon concentration, which contributes to hyperglycemia and ketosis.
B)increased insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
C)increased glucose uptake by cells leading to hyperglycemia and cell death.
D)decreased lipolysis leading to ketosis.

A)increased glucagon concentration, which contributes to hyperglycemia and ketosis.

A finger-stick glucose value was 120 mg/dL. If unhemolyzed serum or plasma were tested from the same individual at the same time, what might the glucose value be?
A)Approximately 100 mg/dL
B)There would be no difference.
C)Approximately 60 mg/dL
D)Approximately 132 mg/dL

D)Approximately 132 mg/dL

An individual with a severe, uncontrolled case of type 1 diabetes mellitus will exhibit all of the following laboratory results except

A)hyperinsulinemia.

B)decreased blood pH with increased ketone bodies.

C)hyperglycemia.

D)hyperlipidemia.

A)hyperinsulinemia.

High albuminuria is defined as
A)an albumin molecule that is larger and less functional because of the effects of hyperglycemia that is measured by the laboratory in the clinical diagnosis of diabetes.
B)a large albumin molecule that is present only in urine and that is measured by the lab in preclinical screening for diabetes.
C)increased urinary albumin excretion between the range of 20-200 µg/min that is measured by the laboratory in the chronic management of diabetes mellitus.
D)a long-lived glycated albumin molecule found in the urine of a type 2 diabetic and measured by the laboratory in the acute management of a diabetic.

C)increased urinary albumin excretion between the range of 20-200 µg/min that is measured by the laboratory in the chronic management of diabetes mellitus.

The hyperglycemia observed in a diabetic causes many toxic effects such as retinopathy and nephropathy. Although it is unclear how these outcomes are caused by elevated blood sugar, it is thought that hyperglycemia
A)causes increased serum osmolarity, which leads to decreased blood flow in the microvascular compartments in peripheral tissues
B)causes increased production of advanced glycation end products, which might contribute to microvascular complications.
C)causes a hemolytic disease with shortened red blood cell survival, thus not providing enough oxygen to peripheral tissues.
D)duces secretion of glucagon, which antagonizes insulin secretion and leads to destruction of the microvessels in the retina and kidney.

B)causes increased production of advanced glycation end products, which might contribute to microvascular complications.

An example of a monosaccharide would be
A)glucose
B)maltose
C)sucrose
D)starch

A)glucose

Blood is collected in a tube containing no anticoagulant and is transported uncentrifuged to the laboratory from an outpatient clinic. Transport time at room temperature, accessioning, and sample preparation time equal approximately 1½ hours. If a serum glucose level is requested for this tube of blood, how might the results be affected by the timing?
A)The glucose value would be decreased by 50%.
B)The glucose value would be increased by approximately 15%.
C)The glucose value would be decreased by approximately 10%.
D)There would be no effect on the glucose value.

C)The glucose value would be decreased by approximately 10%.

Which one of the following coupled-enzyme glucose methods requires extended incubation time to allow for the spontaneous conversion of the α-form of glucose to the β-form so that both forms can react with the initial enzyme in the reaction?
A)Hexokinase method
B)Glucose oxidase method
C)Self-monitoring method
D)Polarographic method

B)Glucose oxidase method

What effect does salicylate have on blood glucose value?
A)Increases
B)Decreases

B)Decreases

Glucagon is made by the α-cells in the pancreas and when released causes elevated blood glucose. By what mechanism does glucagon promote hyperglycemia?
A)Glucagon promotes hypoglycemia, not hyperglycemia.
B)Glucagon stimulates insulin release.
C)Glucagon promotes glycogenesis in all cells.
D)Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

D)Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Glycated hemoglobins are formed by the addition of glucose to the ___-terminal _____ residue.

A)C; valine

B)N; valine

C)C; alanine

D)N; alanine

B)N; valine

The role of the clinical laboratory in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus involves initial diagnostic criteria. For many years, the only diagnostic criterion required was demonstration of hyperglycemia in two or more fasting plasma glucose tests. What other laboratory analysis is now considered to be useful as a diagnostic criterion?
A)Demonstration of impaired glucose tolerance in the OGTT
B)Consistent hyperglycemia after a 72-hour fast
C)Presence of ketones in urine on more than one occasion
D)Demonstration of elevated hemoglobin A1c

D)Demonstration of elevated hemoglobin A1c

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
A)is associated with resistance to the action of insulin.
B)is often initially observed in an individual with ketoacidosis.
C)is also referred to as gestational diabetes.
D)occurs less frequently than type 1 diabetes.

A)is associated with resistance to the action of insulin.

Insulin regulates blood glucose levels by
A)enhancing glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis in the liver.
B)stimulating gluconeogenesis and increasing the breakdown of protein and fat.
C)inhibiting release of growth hormone from the pituitary and inhibiting secretion of glucagon by the pancreas.
D)stimulating the translocation of a glucose transporter and promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and fat.

D)stimulating the translocation of a glucose transporter and promoting glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and fat.

A woman visits her physician with a complaint of polyuria and polydipsia. She has a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is concerned that she is developing the disease. The physician notes that her previous hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) value was 6% (considered within healthy reference interval in the physician's practice) with a fasting plasma glucose of 95 mg/dL. At this visit, her Hb A1c value is 8.5%. Why would the physician be correct to order an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for this individual?
A)The Hb A1c result indicates that glycation of proteins has increased producing elevated advanced glycation end products and the possible onset of type 2 diabetes. An OGTT would help to confirm this.
B)The Hb A1c result indicates that diabetic nephropathy is occurring, signaling the possible onset of type 2 diabetes. An OGTT would help to confirm this.
C)The Hb A1c result indicates an increase in average blood glucose and possible onset of type 2 diabetes. An OGTT would help to confirm this.
D)The physician would not be correct in ordering an OGTT because there is no indication that there is an onset of type 2 diabetes from the given laboratory values.

C)The Hb A1c result indicates an increase in average blood glucose and possible onset of type 2 diabetes. An OGTT would help to confirm this.
D)The physician

Which one of the following 2-hour plasma glucose oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results would be classified as diagnostic for impaired glucose tolerance if an individual’s fasting blood glucose value is 120 mg/dL (healthy glucose reference interval is 74–99 mg/dL)?

A)195 mg/dL

B)105 mg/dL

C)130 mg/dL

D)75 mg/dL

A)195 mg/dL

The development of ketoacidosis in an uncontrolled diabetic is caused by the
A)elevated presence of lactic acid.
B)increased formation of β-hydroxybutyric acid
C)loss of regulation of certain diabetogenes.
D)decreased number of insulin receptors on certain cells.

B)increased formation of β-hydroxybutyric acid

As a counter-regulator of glucose metabolism in a healthy individual, epinephrine has the effect of _____ blood glucose.
A)breaking down glucose to form glycogen to increase
B)inducing liver gluconeogenesis to decrease
C)increasing glucose uptake by cells to decrease
D)stimulating glycogenolysis to increase

D)stimulating glycogenolysis to increase

Although not a routine clinical laboratory screening test, measurement of insulin secretion in a potential diabetic is important because
A)an increase in insulin indicates the onset of hypoglycemia and the presence of advanced glycation end products.
B)increased insulin leads to retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
C)a decrease in insulin will cause overstimulation of the GLUT4 transporter and low blood glucose.
D)a decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is the first functional abnormality in both types of diabetes.

D)a decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is the first functional abnormality in both types of diabetes.

Which one of the following antibodies is found most commonly in over 90% of children who develop type 1 diabetes before 5 years old?
A)Islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies
B)Insulin autoantibodies
C)Insulinoma-associated antigens
D)Zinc transporter ZnT8

B)Insulin autoantibodies