Urban Patterns & Settlements:U12&13

Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

Central Business

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Central City

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.

Christaller's Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Filter

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

Food Desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Gravity Mod

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Hinterland

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Informal Settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Market area

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.

Megalopoli

A continuous urban complex

Primate City Law

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement is twice as many people of the second ranking settlement

Range (Of service)

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.

Rank Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

# of service types?

3 services types Business,Consumer, and Public

Business service

Services that meet the needs of other businesses

Public Service

Services offered by the government

Consumer Service

Businesses that provide services to the consumer

Site

The physical characteristic of a place

Situation

The location of a place related to different place

# of sprawl types

2 Urban, Suburban

Urban Sprawl

expansion of cities and urban areas into it's surroundings

Suburban sprawl

low-population-density expansion that are developed outside of a city

Sustainable

developed that meets the need

Sustainable Development

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

Transportation Orientated Development

the planning and construction of communities in greater density around or close to public transit stations

Urban Blight

previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude.

Urban Cluster

an urban environment with around 2,500-50,000 people

Urban Hierarchy

A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

Urban Renewal

where cities remove residents from low income areas and rebuild the area to attaract higher income residents

Urban Revolution

The transformation of societies from agriculture villages to permanently settled cities

Urbanization

the process of making an area more urban.

World Cities

an urban center that is a major player in the global economy and is connected to a network of other global cities through economic, cultural, and political linkages

Zones Of Abandonment

The lack of jobs, big declines in land value and falling demand can cause properties to become abandoned, extending even to entire neighborhoods

Zoning Ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

Affluent

having a great deal of money

Bid Rent Theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

Borchert's Epochs

Five distinct periods in the history of American urbanization

Boomburbs

rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100,000;

Brownfields

a property that is potentially contaminated by hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants

Decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city.

Disamenity Sectors

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs

Ethnic Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Exurbs

a district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs.

Greenbelt

a designated area of land around a city or urban area that is protected from development in order to preserve open space, reduce urban sprawl, and promote sustainable land use

Inclusionary Zoning

Municipal and county planning ordinances that require or provide incentives when a given percentage of units in a new housing development be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes

Infilling

The process by which population density in an urban center is increased by building on waste land or underused land

Infastructure

the basic physical and organizational structures needed for a society to function

Interdependence

a relationship in which both countries rely on each other

Megacities

an urban or metropolitan area which has a population over 10 million people

Metacities

urban areas with over 20 million people and are ranked by population size

Mixed Use

combines residential, commercial, cultural, or institutional functions into a building, block, or neighborhood

New Urbanism

seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

Slow Growth Cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl.

Smart Growth

the efforts of controlling the natural resources consumption

Suburban Sprawl

the growth of cities outside of an urban area.