Untitled Flashcards Set

What ion does an Acid produce in water?

H⁺

What ion does a Base produce in water?

OH⁻

What is a Bronsted-Lowry Acid?

Donates H⁺

What is a Bronsted-Lowry Base?

Accepts H⁺

Define Amphoteric.

Can act as both an acid and a base (e.g. H₂O).

What is a Calorie?

Unit of energy; 1 Calorie = 1000 calories.

What does a Catalyst do?

Speeds up a reaction, lowers activation energy.

What is Activation Energy?

Minimum energy needed to start a reaction.

What is Collision Theory?

Particles must collide with correct energy + orientation to react.

Define Endothermic reaction.

Absorbs heat; ΔH is positive.

Define Exothermic reaction.

Releases heat; ΔH is negative.

What is Heat in thermodynamics?

Thermal energy transfer.

What is Specific Heat (c)?

Energy needed to raise 1g of a substance by 1°C.

What are Surroundings in a thermodynamic system?

Everything outside the system.

What is a System in thermodynamics?

The part of the universe under study (e.g., the reaction).

Define Molarity (M).

Moles of solute / Liters of solution.

What is a Monoprotic Acid?

Donates 1 H⁺ (e.g., HCl).

What is a Diprotic Acid?

Donates 2 H⁺ (e.g., H₂SO₄).

What is a Triprotic Acid?

Donates 3 H⁺ (e.g., H₃PO₄).

What occurs during Neutralization?

Acid + base → water + salt.

What does Le Châtelier’s Principle state?

Equilibrium shifts to relieve stress.

What is the Equilibrium Constant (Keq)?

Ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium.

What is the Reaction Quotient (Q)?

Same formula as Keq but at any point in time.

What is the Rate Law formula?

Rate = k[A]^x[B]^y — shows how concentration affects rate.

How is pH calculated?

pH = -log[H⁺].

How is pOH calculated?

pOH = -log[OH⁻].