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napoleonic wars
where colonists of Latin America had governed themselves.
the hatian revolution
inspired other revolutions in the new world and convinced Napoleon that maintaining colonies in the New World was too difficult.
the monroe doctrine
announced to the rest of the world that the US had a special interest in the Western Hemisphere.
military dictators
flourished in latin america during the nineteenth century
monoculture
Most countries specialized in single cash crops for export
caudillos
Mexico and other countries came under the rule of powerful military leaders or political bosses, known as ______
“blood and iron”
a policy created by Otto von Bismarck which
Combined diplomacy and military power to achieve unification
Made use of new technology- railroad and rifle
Built most powerful army in Europe
kaiser
emperor (for example the Prussian king of all Germany)
czars
Russian ___ attempted to resist the calls for reform from the emerging middle class.
serfs
Most Russians were illiterate ______ bound to feudal masters.
nationalism
had an effect on Russia’s conservative rulers
As nationalism became more widespread, the difficulties of governing different nationalities grew. Serbs, Greeks, and Romanians all gained independence from the Ottomans in the 19th century.
russification
forcing non Russians in the empire (Poles, Finns) to adopt the Russian language and culture, adopted by the Czars
pogroms
attacks on Jewish areas caused many Jews to emigrate.
“the sick man of europe”
The forces of nationalism accelerated the decline of the Ottoman Empire
congress of berlin
European powers met in 1878 here to resolve the problem without war.
ausgleich
(compromise) of 1867, the Hungarian minority, Austria’s largest, won equal status and the country was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
saint domingue
The island Haiti (known as ____ ) had been colonized by the Spanish and French – each ruling half the island.
toussaint l’ouverture
wanted Haiti to become a country of free self governing blacks, despite the fact that Napoleon would fight to keep it.
When troops were sent, L’Ouverture was captured and sent back to France, where he died in prison.
jose de san martin
Worked to liberate Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule in the years 1816 – 1818.
simon bolivar
Defeated Spanish forces between 1818 and 1825, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
james monroe
declared that the US would oppose any attempt by European powers to establish colonies in the Western Hemisphere or to reconquer former colonies.
miguel hidalgo
called for independence from Spain (the unfurling of the flag of the Virgin of Guadalupe) but was shortly killed.
virgin of guadalupe
the flag that was unfurled after mexico declared independence from spain
jose maria morelos
he called for equal rights for Indians, mestizos, and slaves.
agustin iturbide
Mexico’s revolt was completed by the elite, not the lower classes and a conservative colonel, _______ overthrew Spanish rule in 1821.
benito juarez
The liberal upper class wanted to reform their societies to be more like the US
giuseppe garibaldi
was an Italian nationalist in the south
Garibaldi overthrew King of Naples and joined it to Cavour’s Piedmont
otto von bismarck
prime minister
Policy of “Blood and Iron”
Combined diplomacy and military power to achieve unification
Made use of new technology- railroad and rifle
Built most powerful army in Europe
alexander II
Following a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire, Czar _____ ordered the serfs freed in 1861.
Alexander II was soon assassinated, ending further attempts at reform.
Note
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