unit 5 box notes 30-44

napoleonic wars

where colonists of Latin America had governed themselves.

the hatian revolution

inspired other revolutions in the new world and convinced Napoleon that maintaining colonies in the New World was too difficult.

the monroe doctrine

announced to the rest of the world that the US had a special interest in the Western Hemisphere.

military dictators

flourished in latin america during the nineteenth century

monoculture

Most countries specialized in single cash crops for export

caudillos

Mexico and other countries came under the rule of powerful military leaders or political bosses, known as ______

“blood and iron”

a policy created by Otto von Bismarck which

• Combined diplomacy and military power to achieve unification

• Made use of new technology- railroad and rifle

• Built most powerful army in Europe

kaiser

emperor (for example the Prussian king of all Germany)

czars

Russian ___ attempted to resist the calls for reform from the emerging middle class.

serfs

Most Russians were illiterate ______ bound to feudal masters.

nationalism

had an effect on Russia’s conservative rulers

As nationalism became more widespread, the difficulties of governing different nationalities grew. Serbs, Greeks, and Romanians all gained independence from the Ottomans in the 19th century.

russification

forcing non Russians in the empire (Poles, Finns) to adopt the Russian language and culture, adopted by the Czars

pogroms

attacks on Jewish areas caused many Jews to emigrate.

“the sick man of europe”

The forces of nationalism accelerated the decline of the Ottoman Empire

congress of berlin

European powers met in 1878 here to resolve the problem without war.

ausgleich

(compromise) of 1867, the Hungarian minority, Austria’s largest, won equal status and the country was renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

saint domingue

The island Haiti (known as ____ ) had been colonized by the Spanish and French – each ruling half the island.

toussaint l’ouverture

wanted Haiti to become a country of free self governing blacks, despite the fact that Napoleon would fight to keep it.

• When troops were sent, L’Ouverture was captured and sent back to France, where he died in prison.

jose de san martin

Worked to liberate Argentina and Chile from Spanish rule in the years 1816 – 1818.

simon bolivar

Defeated Spanish forces between 1818 and 1825, liberating Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

james monroe

declared that the US would oppose any attempt by European powers to establish colonies in the Western Hemisphere or to reconquer former colonies.

miguel hidalgo

called for independence from Spain (the unfurling of the flag of the Virgin of Guadalupe) but was shortly killed.

virgin of guadalupe

the flag that was unfurled after mexico declared independence from spain

jose maria morelos

he called for equal rights for Indians, mestizos, and slaves.

agustin iturbide

Mexico’s revolt was completed by the elite, not the lower classes and a conservative colonel, _______ overthrew Spanish rule in 1821.

benito juarez

The liberal upper class wanted to reform their societies to be more like the US

giuseppe garibaldi

was an Italian nationalist in the south

• Garibaldi overthrew King of Naples and joined it to Cavour’s Piedmont

otto von bismarck

prime minister

• Policy of “Blood and Iron”

• Combined diplomacy and military power to achieve unification

• Made use of new technology- railroad and rifle

• Built most powerful army in Europe

alexander II

Following a series of wars against the Ottoman Empire, Czar _____ ordered the serfs freed in 1861.

Alexander II was soon assassinated, ending further attempts at reform.