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Nutrient
Any feed that functions in the support of life
Two types of nutrients?
Concentrates and roughages
6 basic classes of nutrients?
Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
How are the terms water and moisture used?
Interchangeably
Dry Matter
The remainder of the feed after accounting for moisture
What does water used for?
Essential metabolic reactions, assist in transporting other nutrients, helping maintain normal body temp, and giving the body physical shape
What does carbohydrates contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Monosaccarides
Least complex and contain 5 or 6 carbons
Disaccharides
Two sugars linked together
Polysaccharides
More than two sugars linked together
What must monogastric animals do (Not Horses)?
Convert carbohydrates to glucose to assure absorption
Starch is what in swine and poultry diets?
The primary source
Ruminant animals can…
Effectively utilize cellulose
Cellulose is what in a horse?
Digested by the bacteria in the rumen
Fats
Provides energy and essential fatty acids
How many fatty acids are composed to attach to a glycerol backbone?
Three
Proteins contain what?
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
What is the only class that contains nitrogen?
Protein
Proteins in feed contain how much on average?
16% nitrogen
Limiting amino acids
Those not provided insufficient quantity to allow for the normal synthesis of protein
Amino Acids
Essential or nonessential
Most commonly deficient amino acids?
Lysine, methionine and tryptophan
How are amino acids evaluated for quality?
Evaluating the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present
What is the highest protein?
Egg
Minerals
Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Are minerals organic or inorganic?
Inorganic
Calcium and phosphorus
Used for bone growth and repair of tissue
Vitamins
Organic nutrients needed in very small amounts
How many know vitamins are there?
16
Fat-soluble A
Maintains and repair of body linings, deficit affects eyes
Fat-soluble D
Helps with absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Fat-soluble K
Blood clotting
Fat-soluble E
Antioxidant, prevents breakdown pf cell embrace by free radicals
Proximate Analysis
Developed to approximate value of food and separate feed components into groups according to their feed value
Digestibility
The amount of various nutrients in a feed that are absorbed from the digestive tract
Apparent digestibility
Determined by measuring the differences of what goes in and what comes out
Energy
The amount of heat produced when a nutrient is completely oxidized during digestion
What elements provides the most energy?
Carbohydrates
What accounts for the largest portion of feed consumed?
Energy
What provides energy that goes towards maintenance and production?
Feeds
Maintenance
Animal is neither gaining or losing energy, used to maintain basal metabolism, provide for voluntary activity, generate heat, and provide energy to cool
Production
Fetal development, semen development, growth, fat deposition, production of milk, eggs, and wool
What does livestock management require?
The anticipation of nutritional needs at different stages of the lifecycle and to utilize feedstuffs to meet requirements
Feeds
The ingredients in diets of livestocks
Feedstuffs
Used interchangeably, can include other non-nutritive products
Roughages have how much crude fiber?
>18%
How many amino acids are proteins composed of?
25
Proteins contain and compose what?
Contains 16% nitrogen and is composed of most muscle mass
Dairy cow
60-120lbs/day: 16,000-26,000lb/305 day lactation: 0.8-0.9lb feed/lb milk produced
Beef cow
8-12lb/day
Digestion includes?
Mechanical and chemical action
Mechanical action
Chewing and contractions of the intestinal tract
Chemical action
Maltose, lactose, sucrase
Types of feeds consumed?
Carnivores, herbivores and omnivores
Carnivores
Normally consume animal tissue as their course of nutrients (cats and dogs) (monogastric)
Herbivores
Consume plant tissues (cattle, horses, sheep, and goats)
Omnivores
Eat both plant and animal products (pigs and humans) (monogastric)
What are pigs feed?
Ad libitum (free choice)
Anatomy of pigs (Mouth and Stomach)
Designed to reduce size of feed particles
Anatomy of pigs (Esophagus)
Connects mouth to stomach, has a sphincter
Anatomy of pigs (Small Intestine)
Splitting food molecules and absorbs nutrients (empties into the side of the colon near the end of the anterior end of the colon)
Anatomy of pigs (Duodenum)
Separated by pyloric sphincter
Anatomy of pigs (Jejunum and Ilenum)
Anatomy of pigs (Large Intestines)
Colon, there is an ileocecal calve that prevents material in the large intestine from moving back into the small intestine (empties into the rectum)
Cecum
The blind anterior end of the colon, where food is fermented (horses)
The anus has a what and is it voluntary or under voluntary?
A sphincter and under voluntary
What are horses considered?
Hindgut digesters due to the location of the cecum
Anatomy of ruminants (rumen)
Large fermentation where microbes thrive and break down roughages, covered in papillae to increase surface area
Anatomy of ruminants (Reticulum)
Interacts with rumen, initiates mixing of rumen, additional area for fermentation, “honeycomb” surface
Anatomy of ruminants (Omasum)
Perhaps some grinding, but not much function, has many folds
Anatomy of ruminants (Abomasum)
“true stomach” acts similar to stomach in monogastrics
Cud
Regurgitation
Rumination
Can chew thoroughly
Amylase
An enzyme present in saliva of pigs and humans, acts on starch
Enzymes
An organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction without being altered but the reaction (lipase, lactase, sucrase)
What does the stomach secrete?
HCI, mucus and enzymes
Enzymes breakdown what?
Proteins and Polypeptides
What protects against acid?
Mucus
Chyme
Leaves the stomach
What’s absorbed in the small intestine?
Amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides
What thrives and break down roughages?
Bacteria and protozoa
Milk is directed where in the digestion of young ruminants?
Immediately into the abomasum by the esophageal groove
Complete development of the rumen, reticulum and abomasum requires what in sheep?
About 2 months
Complete development of the rumen, reticulum and abomasum requires what in cattle
3-4 months
Nutrients
Must be provided for maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, egg laying, wool production, and work
Maintenance
No gain or loss of weight, requirements increase as body weight increase, ½ feed, first priority
Growth
When protein synthesis Is in excess of protein breakdown
Compensatory growth
Where above-average growth rates occur when nutritional conditions improve (winter)
Minerals important for growth
Calcium, phosphorus, salt, iodine (thyroid), selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A
Finishing (Fattening)
When optimal growth rates decline and surplus energy is stored as fat.
Nutrients needed for reproduction?
Gamete production and fetal growth
Gamete production (sperm and oocytes)
Energy requirements minimal
Fetal growth (in the uterus)
Energy requirement Is much greater, especially towards the end of gestation
Lactation
Milk production requires considerable protein, minerals, vitamins, and energy
When does dairy cows achieve peak lactation?
45-65 days (2-4 months), after calving
Roughage is needed for what?
To maintain the fat in milk
Wool production
Requires nutrients above and beyond maintenance, growth, reproduction
Any excess nitrogen and phosphorus will be what?
Excreted
Three phases or prenatal life?
Sex cells, the embryo and the fetus
Endoderm
Digestive tract, lungs and bladder