Animal Science- Exam 3

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158 Terms

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Nutrient

Any feed that functions in the support of life

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Two types of nutrients?

Concentrates and roughages

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6 basic classes of nutrients?

Water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

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How are the terms water and moisture used?

Interchangeably

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Dry Matter

The remainder of the feed after accounting for moisture

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What does water used for?

Essential metabolic reactions, assist in transporting other nutrients, helping maintain normal body temp, and giving the body physical shape

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What does carbohydrates contain?

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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Monosaccarides

Least complex and contain 5 or 6 carbons

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Disaccharides

Two sugars linked together

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Polysaccharides

More than two sugars linked together

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What must monogastric animals do (Not Horses)?

Convert carbohydrates to glucose to assure absorption

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Starch is what in swine and poultry diets?

The primary source

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Ruminant animals can…

Effectively utilize cellulose

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Cellulose is what in a horse?

Digested by the bacteria in the rumen

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Fats

Provides energy and essential fatty acids

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How many fatty acids are composed to attach to a glycerol backbone?

Three

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Proteins contain what?

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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What is the only class that contains nitrogen?

Protein

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Proteins in feed contain how much on average?

16% nitrogen

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Limiting amino acids

Those not provided insufficient quantity to allow for the normal synthesis of protein

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Amino Acids

Essential or nonessential

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Most commonly deficient amino acids?

Lysine, methionine and tryptophan

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How are amino acids evaluated for quality?

Evaluating the amount and ratio of essential amino acids present

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What is the highest protein?

Egg

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Minerals

Chemical elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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Are minerals organic or inorganic?

Inorganic

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Calcium and phosphorus

Used for bone growth and repair of tissue

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Vitamins

Organic nutrients needed in very small amounts

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How many know vitamins are there?

16

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Fat-soluble A

Maintains and repair of body linings, deficit affects eyes

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Fat-soluble D

Helps with absorption of calcium and phosphorus

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Fat-soluble K

Blood clotting

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Fat-soluble E

Antioxidant, prevents breakdown pf cell embrace by free radicals

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Proximate Analysis

Developed to approximate value of food and separate feed components into groups according to their feed value

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Digestibility

The amount of various nutrients in a feed that are absorbed from the digestive tract

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Apparent digestibility

Determined by measuring the differences of what goes in and what comes out

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Energy

The amount of heat produced when a nutrient is completely oxidized during digestion

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What elements provides the most energy?

Carbohydrates

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What accounts for the largest portion of feed consumed?

Energy

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What provides energy that goes towards maintenance and production?

Feeds

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Maintenance

Animal is neither gaining or losing energy, used to maintain basal metabolism, provide for voluntary activity, generate heat, and provide energy to cool

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Production

Fetal development, semen development, growth, fat deposition, production of milk, eggs, and wool

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What does livestock management require?

The anticipation of nutritional needs at different stages of the lifecycle and to utilize feedstuffs to meet requirements

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Feeds

The ingredients in diets of livestocks

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Feedstuffs

Used interchangeably, can include other non-nutritive products

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Roughages have how much crude fiber?

>18%

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How many amino acids are proteins composed of?

25

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Proteins contain and compose what?

Contains 16% nitrogen and is composed of most muscle mass

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Dairy cow

60-120lbs/day: 16,000-26,000lb/305 day lactation: 0.8-0.9lb feed/lb milk produced

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Beef cow

8-12lb/day

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Digestion includes?

Mechanical and chemical action

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Mechanical action

Chewing and contractions of the intestinal tract

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Chemical action

Maltose, lactose, sucrase

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Types of feeds consumed?

Carnivores, herbivores and omnivores

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Carnivores

Normally consume animal tissue as their course of nutrients (cats and dogs) (monogastric)

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Herbivores

Consume plant tissues (cattle, horses, sheep, and goats)

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Omnivores

Eat both plant and animal products (pigs and humans) (monogastric)

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What are pigs feed?

Ad libitum (free choice)

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Anatomy of pigs (Mouth and Stomach)

Designed to reduce size of feed particles

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Anatomy of pigs (Esophagus)

Connects mouth to stomach, has a sphincter

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Anatomy of pigs (Small Intestine)

Splitting food molecules and absorbs nutrients (empties into the side of the colon near the end of the anterior end of the colon)

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Anatomy of pigs (Duodenum)

Separated by pyloric sphincter

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Anatomy of pigs (Jejunum and Ilenum)

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Anatomy of pigs (Large Intestines)

Colon, there is an ileocecal calve that prevents material in the large intestine from moving back into the small intestine (empties into the rectum)

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Cecum

The blind anterior end of the colon, where food is fermented (horses)

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The anus has a what and is it voluntary or under voluntary?

A sphincter and under voluntary

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What are horses considered?

Hindgut digesters due to the location of the cecum

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Anatomy of ruminants (rumen)

Large fermentation where microbes thrive and break down roughages, covered in papillae to increase surface area

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Anatomy of ruminants (Reticulum)

Interacts with rumen, initiates mixing of rumen, additional area for fermentation, “honeycomb” surface

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Anatomy of ruminants (Omasum)

Perhaps some grinding, but not much function, has many folds

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Anatomy of ruminants (Abomasum)

“true stomach” acts similar to stomach in monogastrics 

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Cud

Regurgitation

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Rumination

Can chew thoroughly

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Amylase

An enzyme present in saliva of pigs and humans, acts on starch 

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Enzymes

An organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction without being altered but the reaction (lipase, lactase, sucrase)

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What does the stomach secrete?

HCI, mucus and enzymes

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Enzymes breakdown what?

Proteins and Polypeptides

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What protects against acid?

Mucus

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Chyme

Leaves the stomach

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What’s absorbed in the small intestine?

Amino acids, fatty acids and monosaccharides

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What thrives and break down roughages?

Bacteria and protozoa

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Milk is directed where in the digestion of young ruminants?

Immediately into the abomasum by the esophageal groove

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Complete development of the rumen, reticulum and abomasum requires what in sheep?

About 2 months

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Complete development of the rumen, reticulum and abomasum requires what in cattle

3-4 months

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Nutrients

Must be provided for maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, lactation, egg laying, wool production, and work

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Maintenance

No gain or loss of weight, requirements increase as body weight increase, ½ feed, first priority

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Growth

When protein synthesis Is in excess of protein breakdown

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Compensatory growth

Where above-average growth rates occur when nutritional conditions improve (winter)

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Minerals important for growth

Calcium, phosphorus, salt, iodine (thyroid), selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A

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Finishing (Fattening)

When optimal growth rates decline and surplus energy is stored as fat.

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Nutrients needed for reproduction?

Gamete production and fetal growth

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Gamete production (sperm and oocytes)

Energy requirements minimal

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Fetal growth (in the uterus)

Energy requirement Is much greater, especially towards the end of gestation

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Lactation

Milk production requires considerable protein, minerals, vitamins, and energy

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When does dairy cows achieve peak lactation?

45-65 days (2-4 months), after calving

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Roughage is needed for what?

To maintain the fat in milk

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Wool production

Requires nutrients above and beyond maintenance, growth, reproduction 

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Any excess nitrogen and phosphorus will be what?

Excreted

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Three phases or prenatal life?

Sex cells, the embryo and the fetus

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Endoderm

Digestive tract, lungs and bladder