exam 2 review

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31 Terms

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ATP synthesis
Occurs mainly in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Amyloplasts
Organelles that store starch in plant cells.
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Nucleus
Control center of the cell, containing DNA.
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Neurons
Specialized cells for transmitting nerve impulses.
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Smooth muscle cells
Involuntary muscle cells for movement and contraction.
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Plant vs. animal cells
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle synthesizing proteins for secretion.
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Autonomous organelles
Can replicate independently within the cell.
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Semiautonomous organelles
Depend on the cell for some functions.
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Chloroplasts
Organelles that perform photosynthesis in plants.
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Cell theory
All living things are composed of cells.
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Prokaryotic nucleus equivalent
Nucleoid region contains genetic material.
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP.
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Hypotonic solution
Lower solute concentration than the cell.
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Hypertonic solution
Higher solute concentration than the cell.
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Plasma membrane composition
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
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Transport types
Includes diffusion, active transport, and osmosis.
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Osmosis
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport using protein channels.
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Active transport
Requires energy to move substances against gradient.
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Aquaporins
Proteins facilitating water transport across membranes.
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Ca2+ - ATPase pump
Membrane pump transporting calcium ions using ATP.
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Gibb's free energy
Indicates spontaneity of a reaction; negative is spontaneous.
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Enzyme specificity
3D structure determines enzyme's function and substrate.
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Catabolism
Breakdown of molecules to release energy.
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Anabolism
Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.
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Redox reactions
Involve transfer of electrons between molecules.
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Laws of Thermodynamics
Principles governing energy transformations in systems.
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Competitive inhibitors
Molecules that reduce enzyme activity by blocking active site.
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Endergonic reactions
Require energy input to proceed.
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Exergonic reactions
Release energy during the reaction.