ap worl #14 responses to imperialism

monocultures

growing a single crop over a large area for multiple seasons, boosting efficiency and yields but risking soil depletion

cassava

a vital tropical root crop from the Americas, calorie dense, water resistant, bare effort

tupac amaru II

a mestizo leader of the largest indigenous rebellion (1780-1783) against Spanish colonial rule in Peru, fighting heavy taxes, forced labor (mita), and social injustice

Samory Toure

a key figure in 19th-century African resistance, founder of the Wassoulou Empire in West Africa, renowned for his fierce, protracted military struggle against French colonization

yaa asantewaa war

____ led the Ashanti people against the British in Ghana to protect their sacred Golden Stool (a symbol of their sovereignty) resulting in Ashanti defeat, her exile, but leaving a powerful legacy

sepoy rebellion

major uprising against British rule in India, sparked by Indian soldiers angry about cultural insensitivity, resulting in the British Crown taking direct control of India from the East India Company

indian national congress

major political party founded in 1885 that became the principal force behind the successful movement for Indian independence from British colonial rule.

sokoto caliphate

a large, powerful West African Islamic empire in modern-day Nigeria, founded by reformer Usman dan Fodio

usman dan fodio

a Fulani Islamic scholar who led a jihad (holy war) in early 19th-century West Africa, overthrowing corrupt Hausa rulers and establishing the vast Sokoto Caliphate

cherokee nation

known for adopting U.S.-style governance to assert sovereignty, but ultimately suffering forced removal via the "Trail of Tears" due to land hunger, leading to their relocation to Oklahoma

trail of tears

forced, brutal removal of the "Five Civilized Tribes" from their southeastern U.S. lands to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) by the U.S. government causing immense suffering, disease, and thousands of deaths

zulu kingdom

powerful 19th-century African state in Southern Africa, forged by Shaka ___ military genius, known for its disciplined army and innovations like the short spear

anglo-zulu war

lash between the British Empire and the powerful Zulu Kingdom in South Africa, driven by British imperial expansion and desire for control

ghost dance

spiritual, prophetic movement among Native Americans,offering hope against US expansion by promising the return of the dead, buffalo, and traditional lands through ritual dances, aiming for cultural revival and driving out settlers

xhosa cattle killing movement

a catastrophic event in 1850s South Africa where Xhosa people, under the influence of prophecies from a young woman named Nongqawuse, killed their cattle and destroyed their crops.

pan africanism

global movement to unify and empower people of African descent by fostering a sense of shared identity

mahdist wars

major anti-colonial Islamic revolt in Sudan, led by Muhammad Ahmad, against oppressive Anglo-Egyptian rule, driven by religious fervor, high taxes, and resistance to foreign control

maori

indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand

maji maji rebellion

religiously-inspired uprising by various East African peoples against brutal German colonial rule, driven by forced labor, heavy taxes, and land seizures for cash crops like cotton

empress cixi

was the powerful, ultraconservative regent who dominated late Qing Dynasty China, supported boxer rebellion

100 days reform

short, failed attempt by China's Guangxu Emperor and reformers like Kang Youwei to rapidly modernize Qing China's government, military, education, and economy to strengthen it against foreign powers

taiping rebellion

a massive, 19th-century civil war in China led by religious leader Hong Xiuquan against the Qing Dynasty. Fueled by poverty, social unrest, and a radical Christian-inspired ideology, reason of push factors

hong xiuquan

leader who started the massive Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) against China's Qing Dynasty, claiming to be Jesus Christ's younger brother,

boxer rebellion

an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, anti-Christian uprising in China by the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" who used martial arts, blaming foreigners and missionaries for China's woes.

tongzhi restoration

an effort by the late Qing dynasty in China to prevent its collapse by reviving the traditional Chinese order while incorporating Western military technology and education. 

aboriginal

original, Indigenous inhabitants of a land, especially the diverse peoples of Australia with deep spiritual ties to the land, complex clan systems, and ancient cultures predating European colonization

push factors

the negative reasons or conditions that force people to leave their home country or region

pull factors

the positive reasons or attractions that entice people to migrate to a new place, promising a better life, NOT jobs, but factories

immigrate

to move into a new country to live there permanently

emigrate

to exit your own country to settle permanently in another

migrate

the movement of people from one place to another

ethnic enclaves

a concentrated neighborhood where immigrants or a specific minority group lives

indentured servitude

a labor system where people signed contracts to work for a master for a set time ( in exchange for passage to the Americas, plus food, shelter, and eventually "freedom dues" (land, money, clothes) after the term ended

chinatowns

an urban ethnic enclave where Chinese immigrants and their descendants live (most famous in san francisco

diaspora

the scattering of a people from their homeland to other places, often forced by events like slavery or famine, but also for trade or opportunity

penal colony

a distant settlement (often an island or remote territory) where a government sends convicts for punishment, using their forced labor to build infrastructure or work the land (australia famous)

irish potato famine

a devastating period where a fungal potato blight destroyed Ireland's main food source

native to south america where europe depends on it

chinese exclusion act

the first U.S. law banning a specific nationality, prohibiting Chinese laborers from immigrating for 10 years and preventing existing Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens

white australia policy

a series of discriminatory laws (starting 1901) designed to keep Australia predominantly white by severely restricting non-European immigration

homesteading

government grants state-owned land to individuals, usually for a nominal fee, on the condition that they settle on and farm the land for a specific period