Biology Chapter 8

What is cytology?

study of cells

What are the 3 principles of cell theory?

1. All organisms are made of cells

2. All existing cells are produced by other living cells

3. The cell is the most basic unit of life

unicellular

Made of a single cell

multicellular

Consisting of many cells

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.

prokaryotic

No nucleus

what are other names for cell membrane?

plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer

where is the cell membrane found?

all cells and on the edge of cell

hydrophobic

Water fearing tails

hydrophillic

water loving heads

What structure on the cell membrane allows things to pass through?

Proteins

How does signal transmission across a membrane happen?

a) Receptor protein receives signal molecules

(ligand) that cause a response in the cell

b) Receptor protein and ligand shape must

match to be received

c) If they match the shape changes

what do mitochondria do?

make energy

mitochondira nickname

powerhouse

how many membrane do mitochondria have?

2

What are cristae?

inner membrane of mitochrondria

What do cristae do?

provide vast surface area to maximize energy production

where are cell walls found?

Only in Plants

what do cell walls do?

they filter things

what are cell walls make of?

cellulose

made while cell is developing

primary wall

made while cell is mature it has more cellulose

secondary

what does cytoplasm do and what does it look like?

it holds the organelles and its jelly like

liquid of cytoplasm

cytosol

what are the 3 organellles where DNA is found?

Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

how many mitochrondira cfn be found in a cell

numerous to a few, large scale

what do ribosomes do?

make protein and ships then to the golgi apparatus

what are ribosomes made of?

protein and RNA

where are ribosomes found?

free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope

what are the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulus

RER - rough - ribosomes

SER - smooth - no ribosomes

function of RER and SER

The RER is responsible for processing and folding proteins.

The SER is responsible for making and processing lipids.

what is the purpose of the golgi apparatus

Packaging - Process, sort,

and deliver proteins and lipids

how does the Golgi apparatus work?

Sacs get pinched off

Packaged into a vesicle

or shipped somewhere else

what is the nickname of lysosomes

garbage men

what do lysosomes do?

membrane packages that break down with digestive enzymes

what is the cytoskeleton?

frame of the cell

What are the cytoskeleton made of and what does each part do?

Microtubules - give shape and act as railroad tracks

Intermediate filaments - add strength

Microfilaments - smallest diameter & help w/cell division

how are cilia and flagella the same?

they both move cells

how are cilia and flagella different?

Cilia- many and short, help move substances across cells

Flagella- few and long, move cells

what are chloroplasts

Membrane-bound organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plants

thylakoids vs grana

grana is stacks of thykaloids

chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplast

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

what is the purpose of vacuoles and vesicles

to store food and waste

what is turgor pressure

the water pressure inside the vacuole of the plant cell in response to the force of water within the cell

How does turgor pressure work?

Healthy plant cells contain more solutes than the water surrounding them so water is always trying to flow into the cell. Cells will fill until the pressure of the surrounding cell wall will not let any in, which keeps the cell "plump" (turgid). This turgor pressure provides the most support in non woody plant parts.

what are centrioles used for?

produes spindle fibers for cell divison

what is the control center

nucleus

where does DNA replicate?

nucleus

describe the nuclear envelope

Double membrane around nucleus

Nuclear pores - openings in envelope

Holds DNA

Nucleolus - contains RNA and starts to make protein

what is the nucleolus?

contains RNA and starts to make protein

what is homeostatis

Keeping a stable internal environment

isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

hypertonic solutions

solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

what is passive transportation?

Transportation that does not require energy

High → Low Concentration

what are 2 examples of passive transportation?

diffusion and osmosis

What are 3 things that affect the speed of transport?

size, shape and electrical charge

what is active transport?

needs energy

how do carrier proteings fit into active transport?

they physically bind to specific molecules (like ions or glucose), change shape using energy (usually from ATP), and shuttle them against their concentration gradient (low to high),

exocytosis

going out of the cell

endocytosis

going into the cell

phagocytosis

Cell eating

pinocytosis

Cell drinking

sodium potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell