Oscillation and Medical Imaging Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts in oscillation, medical imaging, and related medical technologies.

What is oscillation?

A back-and-forth or repeating motion around a central point.

Give an example of a mechanical oscillation.

A pendulum swinging back and forth.

How do sound waves relate to oscillation?

Sound waves are created by oscillations of vocal cords.

What happens when a stone is thrown into a pond?

It creates oscillations in water waves.

What are cardiac oscillations?

Rhythmic fluctuations in heart activity, such as heart rate and blood pressure.

What device measures cardiac oscillations?

An electrocardiogram (ECG).

What is Heart Rate Variability (HRV)?

Variations in the time interval between heartbeats.

What are Mayer Waves?

Low-frequency oscillations in blood pressure.

What is Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)?

A natural variation in heart rate synchronized with breathing.

What are neural oscillations?

Rhythmic patterns of neuronal activity in the brain.

Which device measures brain oscillations?

Electroencephalography (EEG).

What is another name for neural oscillations?

Brain waves.

Name one function of neural oscillations.

Memory consolidation.

What brain structures generate oscillations?

The thalamus, cortex, and hippocampus.

What is the frequency range of beta waves?

13-30 Hz.

Which oscillations are associated with deep sleep?

Delta waves (0.5-4 Hz).

What is the function of beta oscillations?

Movement coordination.

What is the role of gamma oscillations?

High-level cognition and consciousness.

What disorder is linked to excessive neural synchronization?

Epilepsy.

What oscillatory abnormality is seen in schizophrenia?

Altered gamma oscillations.

How does Parkinson’s disease affect brain oscillations?

It disrupts beta rhythms, affecting motor control.

Which condition is associated with impaired theta and gamma oscillations?

Alzheimer’s disease.

What is a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)?

A system using brain oscillations for neural control.

What is neurofeedback training?

A technique that enhances cognitive function using real-time feedback.

What is the role of baroreceptors in respiratory oscillations?

They regulate cardiovascular and respiratory responses.

Which sleep stage is influenced by respiratory oscillations?

Slow-wave sleep.

What is postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)?

A condition causing an abnormal increase in heart rate upon standing.

Which test measures respiratory oscillations?

Spirometry.

What is the function of a pacemaker?

A pacemaker regulates heart rhythms by delivering periodic electrical impulses.

How do mechanical ventilators assist in breathing?

They deliver controlled oscillatory air pressure to help patients breathe.

What is the primary function of ultrasound machines?

They use high-frequency sound waves to create diagnostic images of internal organs.

What is wave motion in medicine?

It is the transfer of energy through oscillations used for diagnostics and treatments.

What is Doppler ultrasound used for?

It measures blood flow velocity in arteries and veins to detect circulatory issues.

What is shock wave therapy (SWT) used for?

It treats musculoskeletal conditions and breaks kidney stones using high-energy sound waves.

How does ultrasound imaging work?

It uses high-frequency sound waves that reflect off tissues to create real-time images.

What frequency range does ultrasound typically use?

Between 2 to 15 MHz.

What does a transducer do in ultrasound imaging?

It emits and detects sound waves to create images.

How does a Doppler ultrasound detect blood flow?

It measures frequency shifts in sound waves reflected from moving blood cells.

Name one condition Doppler ultrasound helps diagnose.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

How does shock wave therapy promote healing?

It increases blood flow, reduces inflammation, and stimulates cellular repair.

What is the difference between focused and radial shock wave therapy?

Focused shock waves target deep tissues, while radial waves spread over a larger area.

How do X-rays create images of the body?

They penetrate tissues, with bones absorbing more X-rays and appearing white in images.

What material is commonly used as a target in X-ray tubes?

Tungsten.

What is computed tomography (CT) used for?

It creates detailed cross-sectional images of the body using multiple X-ray scans.

How does MRI differ from X-rays?

MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves instead of ionizing radiation.

What does '1.5T' in MRI indicate?

It refers to the strength of the magnetic field, measured in Tesla.

What is functional MRI (fMRI) used for?

It measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.

What is diffusion MRI commonly used for?

It tracks water molecule movement, often for stroke detection.

How does infrared therapy benefit the body?

It promotes healing, reduces pain, and improves circulation.

How does infrared light affect circulation?

It increases blood flow, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.

What is an infrared sauna used for?

It provides full-body relaxation and detoxification.

What are infrared lamps and pads used for?

They target specific areas of pain or inflammation.

How does infrared therapy support detoxification?

It stimulates sweating, aiding in toxin removal.

What type of imaging is commonly used in mammography?

X-ray imaging.

What type of imaging does fluoroscopy provide?

Real-time moving X-ray images.

What is the main advantage of MRI over CT scans?

MRI provides better soft tissue contrast without ionizing radiation.

What does magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) visualize?

Blood vessels without using contrast dye.

What is a common application of infrared therapy in skin care?

It promotes collagen production and improves skin texture.

What is ultrasound imaging?

A technique using high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal body structures.

What medical fields commonly use ultrasound?

Obstetrics, cardiology, and general diagnostics.

What is endoscopy used for?

Viewing inside hollow organs using a flexible tube with a light source and camera.

What is LASIK surgery?

A laser surgery technique used to correct vision problems.

How does photodynamic therapy (PDT) work?

Uses light and photosensitive drugs to target and destroy cancer cells.

What is pulse oximetry used for?

Measuring blood oxygen saturation using light waves.

What is fluorescence in medical diagnostics?

Emission of light from biological markers under specific wavelengths to detect diseases.

What is optical coherence tomography (OCT) used for?

High-resolution imaging of tissues, especially in ophthalmology.

How does phototherapy treat neonatal jaundice?

Blue light breaks down bilirubin in the blood.

What condition does seasonal affective disorder (SAD) light therapy treat?

Depression caused by seasonal changes.

What does bioluminescence imaging track?

Cellular activity and gene expression in research.

What does near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure?

Tissue oxygenation levels in patients.

How does photobiomodulation (PBM) promote healing?

Uses red or near-infrared light to reduce inflammation and enhance tissue repair.

What is acoustics?

The study of sound production, transmission, and effects.

How is sound transmitted?

As longitudinal waves through solids, liquids, or gases.

What does amplitude determine in a sound wave?

The loudness (volume) of the sound.

What is the unit for measuring sound loudness?

Decibels (dB).

What is frequency in sound?

The number of sound waves passing a point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

How does pitch relate to frequency?

Higher frequency means higher pitch, lower frequency means lower pitch.

What is timbre in sound?

The unique quality that distinguishes different sounds with the same pitch.

What is the velocity of sound?

The speed at which sound waves travel through a medium, measured in m/s.

What is sound reflection?

When sound waves bounce off a surface.

What is sound absorption?

When sound energy is lost as it passes through a material.

What is refraction in sound?

The bending of sound waves as they move through different media.

What is diffraction in sound?

The bending of sound waves around obstacles.

How is ultrasound used in medical imaging?

By sending high-frequency sound waves into the body and detecting their echoes.

What is the purpose of ultrasound gel?

To eliminate air gaps and enhance sound wave transmission.

What is elastography?

An ultrasound technique used to assess tissue stiffness for cancer detection.

What does echocardiography assess?

The structure and function of the heart.

What are two types of echocardiography?

Transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography.

What is an A-scan in ophthalmology?

A technique used to measure eye structures, often before cataract surgery.

What is a B-scan in ophthalmology?

A technique creating a cross-sectional image of the eye.

What is high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) used for?

Treating tumors and removing uterine fibroids.

What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) used for?

Breaking kidney stones using shock waves.

How is ultrasound used in physiotherapy?

For deep tissue heating, reducing pain, and improving circulation.

How is ultrasound used in dentistry?

For deep cleaning of teeth and diagnosing periodontal diseases.

What is an ultrasonic scalpel?

A surgical tool that makes precise cuts with minimal bleeding.

How does sonoporation enhance drug delivery?

By using ultrasound to create temporary pores in cell membranes.

What is a major advantage of ultrasound imaging over X-rays?

It does not use ionizing radiation, making it safer for repeated use.