definitions

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definitions until lecture 6

Pathology

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45 Terms

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circulatory disturbances

disturbances of blood flow and body fluids

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Edema

Abnormal increase of fluid in the interstitial tissue or body cavities

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Hyperemia

Local increased blood volume in a vessel in a particular tissue

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Active (arterial) hyperaemia

increased in the blood flow to an organ as a result of active dilatation of its arterioles and capillaries.

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Passive (venous) hyperemia

increased venous blood in an organ as a result of obstruction of its venous outflow

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Hemorrhage

the escape of blood outside the cardio-vascular system

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external hemorrhage

escape of blood outside the body

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internal hemorrhage

escape of blood in the body cavities

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Hemothorax

accumulation of blood in pleural cavity

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Hemopericardium

accumulation of blood in pericardial sac

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Hemoperitonium

accumulation of blood in peritoneum

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Hemoartherosis

accumulation of blood in joint cavity

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Hematocele

accumulation of blood in tunica vaginalis

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interstitial hemorrhage

escape of blood into the interstitial tissues

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Hemostasis

Is a physiological process designed to stop bleeding from ruptured blood vessel

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Thrombosis

Is a pathological process resulting in coagulation of blood inside intact blood vessel

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Thrombosis

It is the process by which a solid mass called (thrombus) is formed from circulating blood elements mainly (platelets and fibrin) in the C.V.S. during life

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Embolism

It is the circulation of an insoluble material in the blood and its sudden impaction in a narrow vessel

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Pulmonary embolism

Emboli arise from recent thrombi of calf veins in the lower limbs

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infraction

It is an area of ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of its arterial blood supply or rarely the venous drainage

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Gangrene

Necrosis followed by putrefaction caused by bacterial activity saprophytic bacteria with the production of gases and toxins

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Homeostasis

Normal cells have a fairly narrow range of functions or steady-state

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Adaptation

excess physiologic or pathologic stress may force the cell to a new steady state that preserve the vitality of cells

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Hypertrophy

increased organ size due to increase the size of its component cells – It is associated with increased RNA activity

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Atrophy

decreased organ size due to decreased the number and/or the size of its component cells

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Hyperplasia

increased organ size due to increase the number of its component cells – It is associated with increased DNA activity (required for cell division).

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Metaplasia

it is a reversible replacement of mature tissue by another mature tissue of the same category

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Cell injury

It is a change in the cell morphology and function in response to stress (irritant).

• This occurs when the cells can not able to adapt

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Cloudy swelling

reversible cell injury in which the cells becomes swollen with granular cytoplasm due to intracellular accumulation of water

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Fatty change (steatosis)

reversible cell injury characterized by abnormal intracytoplasmic accumulation of neutral fat (triglycerides) in the cytoplasm of parenchymatous organs

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Pathological calcification

it is an abnormal deposition of calcium salts (calcium phosphate & carbonate) in tissues other than bone and teeth.

  • Ca+ usually deposits in the alkaline pH

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Dystrophic calcification

It is an abnormal deposition of calcium salts in degenerated and necrotic tissues with normal blood calcium level

  • It is the most common form of pathological calcification

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Metastatic calcification

It is abnormal deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue in cases of hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium level)

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Necrosis

Death of a group of cells or tissue within a living body. It is due to severe injury for long time

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Coagulative necrosis

  • The commonest type.

  • Denaturation of protein predominates with the preservation of cell outlines without cellular details.

  • Caused by acute ischemia as infarction of all organs except the brain.

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Liquefactive necrosis

  • Enzymatic digestion predominates Thus the necrotic tissue is liquefied by enzymes

  • the cell outlines and cellular details are lost

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Caseation necrosis

It is a type of coagulative necrosis in which the necrotic area appears like cheese (firm, yellow & friable)

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Fat necrosis

Trauma or enzymes leads to rupture of fat cells, release of lipase that digest fat cells and initiate chronic inflammatory changes

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Fibrinoid degeneration

Presence of brightly eosinophilic material (PAS positive)

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Apoptosis

Programmed single-cell death, based on activation of suicide pathway genes (cell suicide) that control cytoplasmic enzymes

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Bacterial Infection

invasion of the body by pathogenic Bacteria

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Bacteremia

transient presence of small number of low virulent bacteria in the blood without toxins

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Toxemia

circulation of bacterial toxins in blood with clinical and pathological manifestations

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Septicemia

the circulation & multiplication of large number of virulent micro-organism & their toxins in the blood (highly fatal)

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Pyaemia

circulation of septic emboli in the blood and their arrest in different organs causing multiple small abscesses. The condition is highly fatal