USCP

Politics

Art or science of governing a city

Government

Organized agency in a state tasked to impose social control

Unilineal Evolutionism
Cultural Diffusionism
Historical Particularism
Anthropological Structuralism
Cultural Materialism

Anthropological Perspectives

Unilineal Evolutionism

States that new cultural forms emerge from the past that pas through similar stages of development

Ex. From Animism to Monotheism

Cultural Diffusionism

Culture originates from one or more culture centers
Results of borrowed elements of the new culture

Ex. Filipino culture is influenced by Western Civilization

Historical Particularism

Believes that each group of people has its own unique culture influenced by its history ; geography ; environment

Anthropological Functionalism

Believe that cultural elements and practices are interrelated and interdependent and persist because they have a purpose

Anthropological Structuralism

Believes that cultural Phenomena and practices have a relationship to one another by which human organize and structure their experiences

Anthropology

Includes topics : Human Origin ; Globalization ; social change
Study of humankind in all times and all places
Study of humanity’s prehistoric origins

Discover what makes people different from one another to preserve diversity
Discover what all people have in common
Look at one’s culture more like an outsider
Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind

Goals of Anthropology

Cultural Anthropology

Study of living people and their cultures including variation and change.
Deals with description of form and styles of social lives of past and present ages.

Linguistic Anthropology

Study of communication among humans

Archaeology

Study of past human cultures through their material remains

Biological Anthropology

Study of humans as biological organism including their evolution and variation.
Seeks to describe the distribution of hereditary variations.

Sociology

Systematic study of groups and societies that people build and how these affect their behavior

August Comte

Father of Sociology

Social Organization

Study of social institutions ; inequality ; mobility ; religious groups

Social Psychology

Study of human nature and it’s emphasis on social process

Applied Sociology

Intent to yield practical applications for human behavior and organizations.

Population Studies

This studies size ; growth ; demographic characteristics ; composition ; migration

Human Ecology

Study of the effects of social organizations to the populations behavior

Sociological Theory and Research

Focuses on the discovery of theoretical tools and methods to scientifically explain a sociological issue

Social Change

Study factors that cause social organization and disorganization like calamity ; drug abuse ; health and welfare problems

Political Science

Systematic study of political and government institutions and processes

Functionalism
Conflict Perspective
Symbolic Interactionism
Evolutionism

Sociological Perspectives

Functionalism

Views society as organized network cooperating orderly to generally accepted norms

Conflict Perspective

Sees the social environment in a continuous struggle

Symbolic Interactionism

Deals with patterns of behavior in large units of society

Evolutionism

Explains how human groups came to exist

Culture

Refer to the individual’s taste and interest in the fine arts
Refers to being civilized

Artifacts
Arts and Recreation
Clothes
Customs and Traditions
Food
Government
Knowledge
Language
Religion
Shelter
Tools
Values

Aspects of Culture

Ethnocentrism

Perception of one’s own culture as superior compared to other culture

Xenocentrism

Perception of one’s culture as inferior compared to other culture

Natural Selection

Outcome of a process that affects the frequencies of traits in a environment

Biological Evolution

Refers to changes, modifications and variations in the genetics and inheritance of biological populations from one generation to another.

Enculturation or Socialization

Process by which a human being acquire personal identity learns the norms ; values ; behavior ; habits ; beliefs and accumulated knowledge of society

Human Rights

Inherent to all human beings ; interrelated ; interdependent and indivisible

The Common Good

It is a meaningless concept, unless taken literally, in which case, its only possible meaning is – the sum of the good of all the individual men involved

Human Dignity

Something that can’t be taken away
Basis of fundamental human rights
It is inavoidable and must be respected and protected

Social Control

Refers to the set of means to ensure that people behave in approved ways

Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion

Forms of Deviance

Innovation

Rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success.

Ritualism

Rejecting Importance of success goals but continue to toil as diligent workers

Retreatism

Withdrawal from society and does not care about success

Rebellion

Attempts to change the goals and means of society

Internal Social Control

Socialization process that developed within the individual as we do things when we know it’s the right thing to do

External Social Control

Refers to social sanctions or the system of rewards and punishment to encourage desired behavior

Looking Glass Self Theory

States that a person’s sense of self is actually derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us

Role Taking Theory

The development of social awareness is traced to our early social interactions.

Family
School
Workplace
Peers
Mass Media

Agents of Socialization

Conformity

Act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in society or group.

Deviance

Violation of Cultural Norms

Social Group

A collection of people who regularly interact with one another based on shared expectations and who share a sense of common identity,

Primary Group

Small group whose member share close, personal relationship.

Secondary Group

Small or Large and mostly impersonal and short term.
Typically found in school or work.

Reference Group

Group we compare ourselves, also called identity association groups.

Explicit Culture

Similarities in words and actions which can be directly observed

Implicit Culture

Exists in abstract forms that are not quite obvious

Culture Shock

Feeling of uncertainty, confusion or anxiety that people experience when visiting or living in another society.

Cultural Relativism

Idea that all norms, beliefs and values are dependent on their cultural context

Functions of Culture

Defines the situations
Defines attitude, values, and goals
Define myths, legends, and the supernatural
Provides behavior patterns

E.B Taylor

Anthropologist that was the first to coin the term culture.

Cultural Evolution

Changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.

4 Major Civilizations

Sumerian Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization
Shang Civilization
Egyptian Civilization

Level of Development

Hunting and Gathering Societies
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
Agricultural Societies
Industrial Societies
Post Industrial Societies

Horticultural and Pastoral Societies

Semisedentary societies ; do not frequently move ; small scale farming

Hunting and Gathering Societies

Oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence.

Formal Group

intentionally formed and planned for carrying out specific purposes

Ex. Student Organizations ; Professional Organizations

Informal Group

Unplanned and spontaneously established out of random association and interaction

Ex. Peer Group ; Dating Group

Open Group

Open for everyone

Ex. Public Forums ; Clubs

Closed Group

Exclusive to a selected member of persons either by quota or qualifications

Ex. School Exclusive for Girls

Interest Group

Formed for the purpose of protecting and promoting trade and interest and well being of its members

Ex. Guild ; Art Clubs ; Labor Unions

In Group

Members have a sense of loyalty

Out Group

One is perceived to be apart from others

Pressure Groups

From the private sector of society that are formed to influence the public views.

Ex. Militant Group ; Advocacy Group

Task Groups

Pool of workers labor force or performers following a chain of command for the purpose of completing a task.

Ex. Sports Team ; Orchestra

Minority Groups

Relatively less dominant of its size, status, or degree of influence.

Ex. Ethnic Groups

Identity Formation

Development of an individuals distinct personality

Structural Strain Theory

Robert Merton developed this theory that traces the origin of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and means to available to achieve those goals

Labeling Theory

Focuses on the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal.

Social Control Theory

Developed by Travis Hirschi, functionalist theory that suggests that deviance occurs when a person attachment to socials bonds is weakened,