FHS Earth Science Semester 1 Final - Fredrick Falkin

Earth science final study guide for Mrs. Welshes earth science class.

What is earth science?

The fields of study concerned with the solid Earth, its waters, and the air that envelops it.

Astronomy

The study of the universe.

Geology

Examines earth, its form and composition, changes.

Meteorology

Study of the atmosphere and astmospheric phenomena.

Oceanogrpahy

Study of the ocean and oceanic phenomena.

Atmosphere

Gaseous portion of earth.

biosphere

All life on earth.

Geosphere

Layer of earht under the atmosphere and oceans.

Hydrosphere

Water portion of earth.

What percentage of earth’s hydrosphere is made up oceans and fresh water?

Ocean 97% Fresh Water 3%

What 3 layers make up of the geosphere of earth?

Crust, Mantle and Core.

What mode/theory explains how continents move and earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur?

Plate Techtonics

Define mineral.

naturally occouring, solid subtrait, orderly crystalinne and inorganic.

What 2 thing do the properites of mineraks deopend on?

Composition Structures.

List 8 properties used to identify different minerals.

Color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, density, and crystal form.

What standard is used to indetify different minerals?

Mohs Hardness Scale.

Rock

The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the earth and other similar planets, exposed on the surface or underlying the soil or oceans.

Rock Cycle

A continuous process by which rocks are created, changed from one form to another, destroyed, and then formed again.

Magma

Hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling.

Lava

Molten rock that issues from a volcano or from a fissure in the surface of a planet (such as earth) or moon

How are rocks classified?

IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, and METAMORPHIC,

Cementation

Dissolved minerals are deposited in tiny spaces among sediments.

Compation

The exertion of force on something so that it becomes more dense.

Deposition

The laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea or ice.

Erosion

The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents.

Igneous rock

Form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.

Lithification

The process in which sediments compact under pressure, expel connate fluids, and gradually become solid rock.

Metamorhpic rock

Started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form.

Metamorphism

Alteration of the composition or structure of a rock by heat, pressure, or other natural agency.

Sedimentary rock

Formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

Weathering

The process of wearing or being worn by long exposure to the atmosphere.

what does the roc kcycle summarise?

the processes through which the three main rock types (igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary) transform from one type into another.

what wave transfers through solids

transverse waves

whats the most destrcutive seismas wave

surface waves

which seismic wave travels through solids liquids and gases

p waves

what wave pushes or pulls

P waves

what wave shakes particles perpendicular

s waves

what is a seismograph

nstruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake.