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reliability in diagnosis?
The consistency of a diagnosis when repeated under similar conditions.
validity in diagnosis
The extent to which a diagnosis accurately represents the disorder it claims to identify.
two main types of reliability in diagnosis
Test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability.
test-retest reliability
The consistency of a diagnosis when given to the same patient at different times.
inter-rater reliability
The consistency of a diagnosis when made by different clinicians using the same criteria.
construct validity in diagnosis
The extent to which a disorder’s diagnosis accurately represents the underlying mental condition.
criterion validity in diagnosis
The extent to which a diagnosis aligns with other assessments or external measures.
ecological validity
The extent to which a diagnosis applies to real-world settings outside of clinical environments.
limitation of Rosenhan’s (1973) study
Lacks generalizability due to its use of a small, non-diverse sample.
DSM-5 aim to improve the reliability of diagnosis
By standardizing criteria and including more detailed symptom descriptions.
strength of using case studies
Provides in-depth data and real-world insights into rare conditions.
a major limitation of experiments in studying validity
They often lack ecological validity because they are conducted in controlled settings.
three main research methods used to study the validity of diagnosis
Experiments, case studies, and surveys.
Why are research methods important when studying the validity of diagnosis?
They help determine whether a diagnosis accurately reflects the actual disorder.
What does it mean for a research method to have high ecological validity?
It means the study's findings can be applied to real-world settings.
Which research method is best for identifying cause-and-effect relationships in diagnosis?
Experiments.
Which research method provides in-depth information on rare disorders?
Case studies.
Which research method allows for the largest sample size?
Surveys.
What is the main advantage of using lab experiments to study validity?
They allow for control over variables and establish cause-and-effect relationships.
What is a key limitation of lab experiments in studying validity?
They often lack ecological validity because they are conducted in artificial settings.
How does random assignment improve experimental research?
It reduces bias by ensuring participants are randomly placed into groups.
What is the purpose of a placebo control in an experiment?
To test for effects that occur due to expectations rather than actual treatment.
Which study used a lab experiment to investigate memory distortion and validity of eyewitness testimony?
Loftus and Palmer (1974).
What is the main strength of field experiments?
They have high ecological validity because they occur in real-world settings.
What is a major limitation of field experiments?
They have less control over variables, which can introduce confounding factors.
Which famous field experiment studied the validity of psychiatric diagnosis?
Rosenhan (1973) – "Being Sane in Insane Places."
What was the key finding of Rosenhan’s (1973) study?
Psychiatrists diagnosed healthy individuals as mentally ill, highlighting issues with diagnostic validity.
Why was Rosenhan’s study criticized?
Ethical concerns (deception) and lack of generalizability.
Why are case studies useful for studying validity?
They provide in-depth information on unique or rare disorders.
What is a limitation of using case studies in studying validity?
They lack generalizability because they focus on a single individual or small group.
Which case study is often used to discuss the diagnosis of schizophrenia?
The Genain Quadruplets – a case of four identical sisters diagnosed with schizophrenia.
What is an ethical advantage of case studies in diagnosing mental disorders?
They allow researchers to study disorders without exposing participants to harm.
How can case studies contribute to improvements in diagnostic systems?
They highlight limitations of current diagnostic criteria and suggest areas for refinement.
How are surveys used to study the validity of diagnosis?
They collect self-reported data on symptoms and compare it to clinical diagnoses.
What is a key advantage of using surveys to study validity?
They can gather data from a large and diverse population.
What is a major disadvantage of surveys in studying validity?
They may be affected by self-report bias or social desirability bias.
Which study used surveys to examine cultural differences in depression diagnosis?
Kleinman (1982) – Found that Chinese patients expressed depression through somatic symptoms
How can survey research improve diagnostic validity?
By identifying patterns in misdiagnosis across different cultural groups.
What is the key characteristic of observational research?
Researchers observe behavior without directly manipulating variables.
What is the advantage of naturalistic observation?
It captures genuine behaviors in real-world settings.
What is a limitation of controlled observations?
Participants may alter their behavior due to awareness of being observed.
What is a major strength of participant observation in validity studies?
It provides deeper insights into the diagnostic process from within the system.
What is a risk of participant observation?
The researcher may develop bias due to close involvement with participants.
What is meta-analysis?
A statistical technique that combines data from multiple studies to find overall trends.
Why is meta-analysis useful for studying diagnostic validity?
It helps determine the consistency and reliability of diagnostic tools.
What is one limitation of meta-analysis?
Its findings depend on the quality of the studies included.
What is publication bias in meta-analysis?
The tendency for studies with positive results to be published more than studies with negative findings.
How does meta-analysis contribute to improvements in mental health diagnosis?
By identifying patterns across multiple studies, improving diagnostic accuracy.
How can low reliability impact the validity of a diagnosis?
If a diagnosis is inconsistent, it cannot accurately reflect the true condition of a patient.
Why is it important for diagnostic tools like the DSM-5 to be updated?
To improve reliability and validity by incorporating new research.
What role does cultural bias play in the validity of diagnosis?
Some disorders may be over- or under-diagnosed in different cultural groups.
Why is it important to compare different research methods in studying diagnosis?
Each method has strengths and limitations that impact findings.
What is one way future research can improve diagnostic validity?
By integrating neurobiological and genetic data into diagnostic criteria.
