World Regions Geography Test 3

Countries in South Asia

• Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, India

Continental Plates South Asia

• Earth’s crust

• continental plates

• - float on magma

• - collide and separate

• Indian plate and Eurasian plate

• - collide

• - created Himalayas

Physical Geography (South Asia)

• world’s highest mountains (Himalayas)

• - Hindu Kush Mountains (almost as tall)

• huge barrier (climate and culture)

• deep valley carved by glaciers and rivers

• routes through mountains into Afghanistan, Central Asia

• - Kyber Pass

• Peninsular India

• - titled continental plate fragment

• - ancient rocks

• Western Ghats (some over 8,000ft)

• Eastern Ghats (up to 5,000ft)

• Coastal Plains around peninsula

• - width varies

• Deccan Plateau

• - slopes toward Bay of Bengal

• - covered by ancient lava flows

• major river basins

• - Indus River, Ganges River, Brahmaputra River, headwaters in Himalaya Mountains

• fed by mountain snows and monsoon rains

• Mouths of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers

• - forms huge delta

• - fertile soil

• - low lying

• - prone to flooding

• - covers most of Bangladesh

• - dense population

• - intensive farming

• natural resources

• ancient rocks

• - precious stones

• - iron

• - uranium

• - huge coal deposits

• - petroleum

• - natural gas

• most critical natural resource

• - water

• - irrigation and water storage back to ancient times

• Indus River Valley

• - one of world’s oldest civilizations

• flows through Pakistan not India

Environmental Hazards (South Asia)

• occur naturally

• exacerbated by humans

• Earthquakes (clash of continental plates)

• - frequent at base of Himalaya Mountains

• - poorly constructed homes, big problem

• flooding

• natural from monsoon rains

• monsoons = seasonal continental wind systems

• deforestation (increased flood hazard)

• Bangladesh

• - as much as ¾ underwater

• drought (water shortages in much of South Asia)

• deep wells, good water

• - available to wealthy

• - also water shortage

• poor people

• - dirty water that is less available

Cultural Geography (South Asia)

• long history of interaction with South East Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, later Europe

• diverse cultures

Hinduism

• origin = Aryan Invasion Theory

• 1500 BC = Aryan invades from North East

• - this theory heavily criticized in last 30 years

• - racist European ideas from 1700s and 1800s

• majority of religious scholars reject Aryan Invasion Theory

• Emerging Theory

• Indus Valley Civilization 3500-1800BC

• religious practices of Hinduism

• - developed over nearly 2000 years

• Aryan people migrated to South Asia AFTER civilizations and Hinduism were created

• Hinduism began in Indus River Valley

• - Indus River in Pakistan

• ethnic religion

• - born into religion

• - not actively seeking converts

• not centrally organized

• Great Traditions (series of sacred texts (Vedas)

• little traditions

• - local gods, beliefs, practices

• millions of gods

• - locally, usually one is dominant

• reincarnation

• more than 80% of India are Hindu

• 2,000 years ago diffusion into South East Asia

Hinduism and Caste

• Caste system

• - social groupings

• - evolved from tribal kinship groups

• Brahmins

• - top caste

• - priests and scholars

• - decide membership in other groups

• Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors)

• Vaishyas (merchants and artisans)

• Shudras (lowest caste, servants and manual labor)

• Dalits (untouchables, lowest of low, outside of caste system)

• Shudras and Dalits

• - live separately from other castes

• - they are considered to be unclean, polluted, unworthy

• - some have converted to other religions

• hereditary membership

• sub castes

• - different occupations and crafts

• urban areas

• - less following of castes for jobs

• rural areas (castes still strong)

Buddhism

• founder = Siddhartha Gautama

• - Hindu prince

• - lived along current border of Nepal and India

• - approx between 563 BC to 400 BC

• - rejected caste system

• find “Nirvana”

• - enlightenment (transcend individual “self”)

• - by ending suffering from ignorance and desires

• later diffused to South East Asia and East Asia

• number of Buddhists

• - India (less than 1%)

• - Nepal (9%)

• - Sri Lanka (70.2%)

• - worldwide approx 520 million people

Christianity

• 1st around 52 AD

• 1700 onward

• - Protestant Missionaries

• very small percentages

Islam

• majority in Pakistan (96%) and Bangladesh (91%)

• over 14% of India (172 million)

• origins from Middle East

• - Arab traders into Indian Ocean

• - later invasions by Muslim armies (600-1700s)

Global Trade to 1500 (South Asia)

• trade links to South East Asia, Spice Islands = East Indies = Indonesia, China

• - Middle East

• — ottoman Empire after 1350

• — indirect route to Europe

• - East Asia

Mughals (Moguls)

• descendants of Mongols

• - mixed with Turks and Persians

• - into South Asia from Middle East

• Muslims

• early 1500s into India

• - controlled much of subcontinent

• - empire declined in late 1600s and early 1700s

Colonization (South Asia)

• early 1500s

• Portuguese come around Africa

• - Goa, India

• British East India Company

• - little trade with India in 1600s

• - increased tremendously in 1700s

• — Bombay = Mumbai

• — Madras = Chennai

• — Calcutta = Kolkata

• 1700s = political chaos in India

• British East India Company began to control most of modern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar) - South East Asia

• - Not British Government

• Colonial India under British

• - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, parts of Burma

• pre colonial economy

• - vibrant

• - thriving

• - destroyed to service Britain

• — especially British textile mills

• — suppressed Indian textiles

• infrastructure

• - irrigation along Indus and Ganges Rivers

• - railroad and communication systems

• Britain tried to “civilize” India

• - western education

• — English

• — Lingua Franca = widespread 2nd language spoken by many people

• - technology

• - public works

• - new law system

• 1857 = huge revolt against British

• - British East India company abolished

• - British India Empire formed

• British government rule

• - 40% ruled through local, “Independent” princes

• — “Indirect Rule”

• — princes took order from Britain

• — - also received lots of blame from people

Independence (South Asia)

• 1885 = India National Congress Party

• - secular and multicultural

• 1906 = Muslim League

• - largest minority in India

• - wanted separate Islamic state

• 1947 = British India divided

• - India = majority Hindu

• - Pakistan = majority Muslim

• - 12 million people displaced

• — Hindus moved to India

• — Muslims moved to Pakistan

• — 1 million killed in violence

India = friendly, but not Allied

• geopolitics since Independence

• post WW2 Non-Aligned Movement

• avoids formal alliances

• - retain freedom to act

• - guard “Independence”

• trade and talk with both sides during Cold War

• should do fine with De-Globalization

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)

• term from late 1990s

• - the dynamic, developing countries from Globalization

• - 41% of world population

• - 31.5% of world GDP

• becomes the dominant countries in the Global Economy (not going to happen)

• - challenges US and UE (not going to happen)

• - more countries want to join (not going to happen)

• talk of developing own currency to challenge US dollar (not going to happen)

• not going to happen because

• 1. None of their currencies are fully convertible

• 2. China and India hate each other

• - Russia and China don’t like each other

• 3. South Africa has started to collapse

• 4. World is De-Globalizing, Brazil will suffer badly

• 5. All are small economies, China is shrinking fast

Pakistan

• Muslim majority areas at Independence

• - separated from each other by India

• Arid Lowlands and High Mountains

• - water scarcity

• at independence

• - had an Agricultural and Industrial base

• - never really developed it further

• 1971

• - Islamic religion became base for government, industry, finance, education

• several different ethnic groups

• - often at odds with each other

• Urudu (official language)

• - form of Hindi written with Arabic script

• - dominates social and political life

• — language of land owner and military

• — other languages also spoken = Punjabi and Sindhi

• literacy rate more than doubled 1980-2019 (still only 59%)

• trade sanctions against Pakistan

• - 1998 = Nuclear Tests

• - 2001 = trade sanctions dropped

• — opposed terrorism and drug trade

• has nuclear weapons (so does India)

• going bankrupt

• - does not have enough foreign currency to meet loan payments

• might get some more credit, it just recently did

• either way = food and fuel prices will go higher or not be available

Bangladesh

• former East Pakistan

• - Muslim but wanted a more secular government

• West Pakistan

• - Muslim, but wanted more Islamic government

• 1971 Civil War

• - East Pakistan became independent Bangladesh

• Natural disasters

• - flooding and hurricanes (cyclones)

• 98% speak Bengali

• Bengali ethnic group

• 1971-1990

• - civic unrest and military coups

• 1990s

• - more settled democracy

• - still quite poor

Pakistan and Bangladesh

• 1947 - 1971 = East Pakistan

• - ignored for most economic development

• since 1971, Bangladesh has tried hard

• - problems

• — very high population

• — few local resources

• — major environmental hazards

Geopolitics (South Asia)

• India and Pakistan, rivals since 1947

• nuclear powers

• - both countries made it themselves

• - not stolen technology

• India Nuclear Arm Today

• - more towards China

Kashmir

• northernmost part of South Asia

• contested between Pakistan, India and China

• if controlled by India

• - India would have border with Afghanistan

• - India cuts border between Pakistan and China

• if controlled by Pakistan

• - larger border with China

• - China wants oil pipelines through Pakistan

• ALL SEA ROUTES TO CHINA VULNERABLE

• China’s oil imports from Persian Gulf

Nepal and Afghanistan

• isolated

• mountains

• - difficult to cross

• - fairly isolated

• - developed own distinct cultures

• Bhutan wants isolation (limits number of tourists)

Afghanistan

• British protectorate in 1800s

• 1920 = Independence

• feuding (domestic and foreign) hampered development

• - 1979 = invaded by USSR

• - Mujahideen = local militias fight USSR (assistance from US)

• — some later became Taliban

• 1992 = Russian withdrew

• - Russia’s “Vietnam”

• 1992 = local militias began fighting each other

• - more government services broke down (education and health care)

• by late 1990s

• - Taliban controlled almost entire country

• — extreme Fundamentalist Muslims

• — opposed by northern tribes

• — Pakistan supported Taliban government

• — Iran and Uzbekistan opposed Taliban

• after 9/11 in 2001

• US attacks on Taliban and Al Qaeda

• - internal opposition helped dislodge Taliban after US invasion

• New “Government”

• - didn’t control entire country, supported by US Military

• Taliban took control after US troops left in 2021

• government had relied on foreign support (military and economic)

• ethnic unrest and violence

• - local warlords control most cross border trade

• - drug money funds local groups

• — undermines political stability

• few resources (poppies for opium and heroin)

• newly found mineral deposits

• - large, huge, enormous

Middle East

• region based on physical features and cultures

• arid climate

• Islam

Arid Climates (Middle East)

• dominates the entire region

• - evaporation greater then precipitation

• - world’s hottest region

• - lack of cloud cover at night

• — heat of Earth dissipates rapidly

• — little to no vegetation to hold heat

• — freeing nights in winter

• Irregular rainfall

• - winter rains

• — North African Coast and East Mediterranean

Deserts (Middle East)

• ground cover

• Sahara Desert

• - gravel and rocks

• - sand only ¼

• - North Africa

• Arabian Desert

• - mainly sand

• - some gravel and rocks

• Oases

• - ground water

• - vegetation

• few plants

• - drought resistant

• - more vegetation in the uplands

• — higher precipitation

• Climate change

• - 5,000 years ago = much wetter climate

• - drier climate forced people the river valleys and oases

• WATER IS THE MOST VALUABLE NATURAL RESOURCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST

What is the most valuable natural resource in the Middle East?

WATER

Major Rivers (Middle East)

• Nile River

• Headwaters

• - Mountains of Ethiopia

• - Highlands of East Africa

• Egypt

• - settlement is mostly within 10 miles

• - elsewhere, too arid

• Tigris and Euphrates

• - snowmelt in Mountains in Turkey and Iran

• - main water source for Iraq and Syria

Water and Politics

• Egypt and Sudan rely on Nile River water

• other countries want to use more water

• Aswan High Dam = Egypt

• - filled in 1970

• - 1970 = 50% of electricity, now 15%

• Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee)

• Jordan River

• Dead Sea

• Aquifers are being used up

• - water removed faster than rains can refill

• - countries clash over water (Israel, Jordan, West Bank, Gaza Strip)

• - culture clashes included

Ethiopia Dam

• on Mile River Headwaters

• - mountains of Ethiopia

• Egypt and Sudan

• - worried it will slow water flow to their countries

Irrigation

• bring arid lands into agriculture production

• needs careful management

• water

• - too little = crops do not grow

• — evaporated quickly and draws salts to surface

• - just enough = crops grow

• — flushes salts downward

• - too much = crops grow

• — waterlogs surface and draws salts to surface

• - salination = salt in soil

• — cannot use land for agriculture

• ancient times

• - Tigris-Euphrates River lowlands

• — poor water management

• — salinization of soil

• — unusable for agriculture

• — loss of farmland

• happening today in Middle East (many parts of the world)

Mesopotamia and Fertile Crescent

• major world culture hearth

• 1st civilization

• Mesopotamia = “Land Between the River” (Tigris and Euphrates)

• Urbanization (10,000-5,000 BC), people move to cities

• Domestication of plants and animals

• Fertile Crescent

• - Mesopotamia

• - Eastern Mediterranean into Nile Valley

• agriculture (about 10,000 years ago)

• - wheat, barley, rye, oats, grapes, apples, olives

• many herd animals

• - cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, goats

• diffusion into Africa, Europe and Central Asia

Petroleum Oil Resources

• Persian Gulf States (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE (United Arab Emirates), Iran)

• - 22% of total world oil production

• Entire Middle East (about 68% of world’s total reserves)

• Uneven Distribution = % of world’s proven reserves

• - Venezuela (25%)

• - Saudi Arabia (22)

• - some countries have little or no oil

• extremely dependent on oil exports

• - few other natural resources

• 1970s - high oil prices

• - oil rich countries got real rick

• - oil poor countries went into debt importing oil

• - poorer countries helped by richer countries

• Gulf War 1991 and military build up

• - low oil prices

• - drained most financial reserves

• - aid to poorer countries decreased a lot

Religions

• culture hearth to 3 major religions

• - monotheistic = one god

• Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Judaism

• descendants of Abraham

• god of Abraham

• - waiting for the Messiah

• — Messiah for Jews = a liberator, savoir, redeemer and king

• - 70AD (war with Romans)

• - Jewish Diaspora = spread through Middle East and Europe

Christianity

• begins within Judaism

• god of Abraham

• Messiah showed up about 2,000 yrs ago

• - Jesus Christ is the Messiah

• - “Christ” from Ancient Greek for “Messiah”

• spread rapidly through Roman Empire

• - official religion in 380 AD

Islam

• Islam = “submission to the will of Allah” (name of religion)

• Muslim = “those who submit to Allah” (people who practice Islam)

• Allah = Arabic for “God”

• - God of Abraham

• - same deity as Judaism and Christianity

• Prophet Muhammad

• - year 610 - received word of Allah - Koran

• - ultimate prophet in Islam

• earlier prophets in Islam (Adam, Moses, Jesus)

• - Mary = virgin birth of Jesus

• Muhammad last and supreme prophet

• descended from Abraham through Ishmael, not Isaac

• Arabs rapidly adopted Islam

• diffusion by

• - Arab armies

• — North Africa and Spain

• — Eastward - Persia (Iran), Central Africa

• — Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia

• Muslim Golden Age (700-1300)

• - saved much of Ancient Greek learning

• - added greatly to math, geography, astronomy, medicine, science

• led to European Renaissance

• 2 major divisions after death of Muhammad

• 1. Sunni Muslim

• 2. Shia Muslims

• subdivisions in both groups

Sunni Muslims

• 85% of Muslims worldwide

• - Koran = base for their way of like

• some very fundamentalist

• Wahhabism

• - Puritanical and legalistic religious interpretations

• - dominates Saudi and Taliban

Shia Muslims

• believe in political control by Imams

• - Imam = Shia clerics

• - religious and political control

• Iran = 90% Shia

• Iraq = 65% Shia

• smaller minorities elsewhere

World War 1 (Middle East)

-  British and French

-- needed Arab help against Ottoman Turks

-- promised Arabs Independence after war

--- lied

-- took control of most land for themselves

— created many of today’s problems in Middle East

Israel

-          Zionism

-          - to fight increases Anti-Semitism

-          - wanted a Jewish State

-          Up to 1914 = 60,000 Jewish settlers

-          Kibbutz

-          - communal farm

-          Schools, social institutions, taught Hebrew

-          World War 1

-          - some Jews fought for Britain

-          Balfour Declaration

-          - 1917, by Britain

-          - Promised Jewish homeland in Palestine

-          -- do not tell Arabs

-          Arabs angry after WW1

-          - only 1 independent Arab country

-          1930s-1945 = Nazi persecution of Jews

-          - 350,000 more Jewish settlers

-          WW2

-          1945 and 1946 = 1 million Jewish settlers

-          - increased violence among Jews, Arabs, British

-          1947 = Britain gave up control of Palestine to United Nations

-          1947 UN Partition Plan (few liked this plan)

-          - some areas for Jews and Arabs

-          1948 = declared independence

-          - Arab armies attacked, Israel defended

-          1949 = fighting ended, some Arabs fled

-          - refugees in neighboring countries

-          Six Day War (1967)

-          - Israel gained territory in Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights, Syria-         

- More Arab refugees

-          Palestinians

-          - in West Bank and Gaza Strip, Jordon, Lebanon and Syria

-          Many Arab countries will not take in Palestinians

-          Yom Kippur War (1973)

-          - US missiles saved Israel

-          - Decisive victory for Israel

-          - many Arab countries very angry with US

OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries)

-          Oil Producing and Exporting Countries

-          Mainly Middle East oil countries and Venezuela

-          Cartels

-          - organizations that coordinates the interests of producers

-          - OPEC = oil

-          - diamonds, drugs, etc

-          Oil embargo on US (1973)

-          - punish for helping Israel during war

-          - oil prices tripled nearly overnight

-          Cartel set minimum price they all would sell

-          OPEC countries earned huge profits

-          - spent on

-          -- infrastructure and social programs

-          -- food imports

-          -- petrochemical industry

-          -- military hardware

-          -- luxury goods

-          - Corruption of government officials, often wasted

Diversification

• use oil money to diversify economy (not rely only on oil)

• Unite Arab Emirates (UAE)

• more industries

• - banking and financial services, tourism, transport

Other Oil Countries

• less successful in diversifying economies

• some trying harder than others

Fragile States

• countries with

• - weak and ineffective central government

• - cannot provide regular public services

• - widespread corruption and criminality

• - involuntary movement of people (refugees)

• - sharp economic decline

• Fragile States = Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Iran, Sudan, Lebanon

Failed State

• Countries with

• - no power over people and territory

• - civil liberties and human rights no longer protected

• - inability to interact with other states

• - residents have no physical, political or economic security

• Failed States = Yemen, Syria, South Sudan

• Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey

• - all are regional rivals

• — Muslim countries

• — proud of historic pasts and traditions

• TURKEY AND IRAN ARE NOT ARAB

Iran

-          Mountainous, arid

-          Invasion difficult

-          - expansion out of Iran is also difficult

-          Iranian Revolutionary Guard

-          - “defend from foreign armies”

-          - however it is mainly against domestic protesters

-          Far too reliant on oil (little development of industry)

-          Low quality industrial and agricultural products

-          Bad economic problems

-          Exported Shia Revolution

-          - some success

-          - few resources to follow up

-          Threatens to close Strait of Hormuz

-          Some Persian Gulf states can access some pipelines

-          - Bypass Strait of Hormuz

-          - But Iran Cannot (they don’t have pipelines)

Saudi Arabia

• large deserts North and South

• - good for defense

• huge buyer of military equipment

• - too much reliance on foreign fighters

• huge reliance on guest workers for labor

• exports religious militants to

• - promotes Sunni Islam

• - support Muslims in Middle East

• historic support from US for regional leadership

Turkey

• stable, relatively young population

• best agricultural land in Middle East

• secular government since 1920s

• major manufacturing center

• government mismanaged economy

• bridges many regions (Russia, Ukraine, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, Israel, Iran, Caucasus, Central Asia)

• most capable military in Middle East

• regional power increasing in Middle East and East Mediterranean

• could be economic and military regional power

Sub Saharan Africa

• south of Sahara Desert

• huge cultural barrier

Physical Geography (Sub Saharan Africa)

• plateau continent

• plateau = elevated area with relatively flat top

• - average elevation 3,5000-5,000ft

• escarpments = steep cliffs or mountains

• - behind flat, lowland areas

• Southern Africa = long, narrow coastline

Escarpments

also flank Rift Valleys

Rift Valleys (Sub Saharan Africa)

• zones where Earth’s crust has pulled apart

• escarpments are the sides of the rift

• valley forms at bottom of rift

• eventually open up and become a new sea

• Victoria falls = rift valley starting to form

Vegetation (Sub Saharan Africa)

-          Climate and vegetation are related

-          Equatorial climate

-          - tropical rainforest

-          - year round precipitation

-          Tropical Seasonal Climate

-          - wet and dry seasons

-          Savannas

-          - grasslands with some tree cover (10%-50% tree coverage)

-          - large herds of animals and predators

-          Desert and Semi-Arid climates

-          - little rainfall

-          - sparse vegetation

-          - fewer animals

Drought and Desertification (Sub Saharan Africa)

• frequent droughts (hurts crops and hydroelectric projects)

• Sahel = arid grasslands

• - in between South of Sahara Desert and North of Savannas

• - overgrazing and firewood removal

• Desertification = turning semi-arid into desert

Killer Tropical Diseases (Sub Saharan Africa)

• endemic in many parts of Africa

• Endemic = like an epidemic but always there

• River Blindness = worm larvae from fly bites move into eyes

• Malaria = transferred by mosquitos

• Sleeping Sickness = Tse-Tse fly, some Savannas nearly depopulated

Natural Resources (Sub Saharan Africa)

-          Ancient rocks in many parts of Africa

-          - Iron ore, various metals, gold, diamonds, coal, cobalt

-          Oil

-          - a little bit here and there

-          - Niger River delta, Nigeria (lots of oil)

-          Wide variety of crops (corn, cassava, rice, yams, sorghum)

-          Commercial crops

-          - often for export

-          - bananas, cocoa, coffee, tea, palm oil, rubber, cotto, tropical fruits

-          For tourism

-          - animals in protected parks

-          - natural wonders (Victoria Falls)

-          - Cape of Good Hope ad Table Mountain

Cradle of the Human Species (Sub Saharan Africa)

• Homo Sapiens (humans) evolved in Africa

• - Greatest Genetic Diversity among people in the world

• tremendous cultural diversity

Africa’s Historical Geography

• major problems

• - few written records before colonization

• - most colonial powers suppressed native Africa history

African Empires

-          Ghana (700-1240)

-          - trade in salt, gold, ivory, and slaves

-          - Middlemen between desert and tropical people

-          Mali (1050-1500)

-          - trade in all directions

-          - Timbuktu = largest city

-          - major center of learning

-          -- universities and libraries before most of Europe

-          Great Zimbabwe

-          - vast trading empire

-          - huge cities protected by large stone walls

Arab Expansion (Sub Saharan Africa)

-          Into North and East Africa (700s-1800s)

-          - trading expeditions

-          - Islam = accommodated local practices

-          - Camel = increased trade activity

-          - Trade, education, art, science

-          - Later holy wars with native Africans

-          East Africa = Arab trade tied it to Red Sea and Indian Ocean trade networks

European Expansion (Sub Saharan Africa)

• Portugal mid 1400s

• - trying to go around Africa to India and East Indies

• - forts and trading posts along African coast (especially along African Coast)

• Later Europeans (1500s-1800s)

African Slave Trade (Sub Saharan Africa)

-          Before Europeans

-          - slave trade among Africans and with Arabia

-          - still continues

-          African Slave Trade by Europeans from mid 1400s

-          Division of labor = geography

-          - Africans = captured slaves inland and transported to coast and sold them

-          - Europeans = transported slaves across Atlantic and abused them in New World

-          From West Africa slaves went to Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, Colonial US

-          From Angola and Mozambique to Brazil

Scramble for Africa

countries fighting for colonization and resources

Berlin Conference (1884-1885) (Sub Saharan Africa)

-          European countries divided Africa

-          Colonies of Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Britain, Portugal, Germany, Netherlands, others

-          No consultation with Africans

-          Little consideration for Tribal boundaries

-          - basis for current African boundaries

-          - origin of many modern ethnic conflicts in Africa

-          Germany = lost colonies after WW1

Portugal

• Angola and Mozambique

• EXPLOITATION

• - natural resources

• - forced labor (very harsh conditions)

• - underdevelopment in colonies

France

• North, West and Central Africa

• ASSIMILATION

• - try to make colonies “French”

• - French language widespread today

• French Foreign Legion

UK

• West, East and Southern Africa

• often by INDIRECT RULE

• - rule through local leaders

• White Settler Colonies = Kenya, South Africa, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

King Leopold of Belgium (Sub Saharan Africa)

• Congo Free State (DRC)

• Personal Holding of Leopold, 1885

• CRUEL RACISM

• - quotas for Natural Resources

• - 1885-1908 approx. 12 million Africans murdered

African Independence

• before WW2

• - small movements demanding independence

• - local African elites educated in Europe

• — learned about European democracy and self determination

• WW2

• - US policy to assist Allies

• — forced anticolonialism

• — native people have the right to self determination

• Post WW2

• - European countries could not hold onto colonies

• Africans demanded independence

• - Africans fought in European armies

• - exposed to ideas of self determination

• - sometimes violent

• problems

• - Europeans had not prepared Africans for

• — governance, administration and social services

• — ex. Belgian Congo, 1960

• — only 2 African physicians

• ethnic conflicts

Ethnic Conflicts

• country boundaries

• - based on European colonial boundaries

• NOT based on African tribal boundaries

• often violent

Rwanda Genocide

• Hutu majority, Tutsi minority

• - Tutsi minority favored by Belgian colonial authorities

• - ethnic conflicts during colonial period and 1st decades of independence

• 1994, April-June

• - Hutu majority attacked Tutsi minority

• - approx. 500,000 killed

• - 400,000 orphans

• - murder, torture, rape with HIV infection

South Africa

• Dutch settlers at Cape Town

• - 1640s

• - support Dutch ships traveling between Europe and East Indies

• - farming to supply ships and ports

• - conflict and trade with local people

• — San people

• — Bushmen and Khoi-Khoi

• — different lifestyles

• White minority rule to 1994

• Dutch settlers slowly pushed settlement inland

• early 1800s = Cape Colony came under Britain

• — conflict between British and Boers

• - British wanted to end slavery and Boer culture

• Boers moved much farther inland

• - far from Cape Colony

• - Great Trek (Orange and Vaal River valleys)

• - established Boer states

• — orange free state

• — Transvaal

• arrived about same time Native Americans were fleeing this region (fighting Zulus)

• 1860s-1880s

• - diamonds and gold discovered in Boer territory

• - many British settlers into Boer territory

• 1898 = Boer War

• - sort of won by Britain in 1903

• - invented modern concentration camps

• Union of South Africa (1910)

• - British and Boer territories combined

• - self governing country in British Empire

• — independent under white control

• discrimination against Africans since 1640s

• increased dramatically in diamond and gold camps

• Apartheid (separated)

• - officially 1960s

• — so many discriminatory policies before then

• - separate race and ethnic groups

• — separate tribes from each other in “homelands”

• — separate Afrikaner and British descendants

• - economic sanctions and political pressure led to South African ending white minority rule

• white minority rule ended early 1994

• Problems today

• - rampant government corruption

• - poor economy (too reliant on mining)

• racial problems

• - Africans

• - Afrikaners (Boers)

• - British

• - Coloureds = mixed race

• - Asians = largely India

• rapidly becoming a fragile state

• - government corruption for 25 years

• — crumbling infrastructure

• — lack of confidence in government

• — increasing violence

HIV/AIDS in Africa

• Central Africa

• 1st known case

• - 1920 in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

• Origins = nobody is sure

• rapid diffusion through Africa from 1960s

• destroys immune system (does not kill)

• - victims vulnerable to other diseases

• — tuberculosis, pneumonia

• causes for high levels in Africa

• - poverty

• - breakdown of traditional family support system

• - Apartheid policies

• — male only mining camps serviced by prostitutes

• - rapid urbanization

• - mistaken government policies

• - re-using injection needles in hospitals

• Sub-Saharan Africa

• - 2/3rd of world’s cases

• - over 30 million, 1997

• - 19 million, 2015

• - new infections

• — 1997 = 4,000,000

• — 2015 = 790,000

• Southern Africa has highest % of people with HIV

• Sub-Saharan Africa

• - success depends on education

• — talking about “taboo” subjects

• Uganda

• - expanded education

• - HIV positive

• - 1997 = 19%

• - 2020 = 5%

• - talking about “taboo” subjects (sex)

• - less ostracization of people with HIV/AIDS