Marriage and Family Sociology Final Exam Review

Compared to whites, African Americans tend to express more conservative attitudes toward which family issues?

A. Premarital Sex

B. Spaking

C. Gay Marriage

D. All of these are family issues on which African Americans express more conservative attitudes than whites.

B. Spanking

T or F: The family most Americans consider to be traditional is a family where both the husband and wife work outside of the home full-time.

False

A group of two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together is the definition of

A. Family used by all Sociologists.

B. Family used by the US Census Bureau

C. Affiliated kin used by sociologists.

D. Traditional family used by sociologists.

B. Family used by the US Census Bureau

T or F: At one time it was illegal for African Americans to marry in the United States because they were regarded as property.

True

According to William Goode, families provide all of the following advantages except

A. continuity

B. proximity

C. familiarity

D. protection

D. protection

T or F: As society has become more industrialized and impersonal, families have decreased in importance as a source of intimacy.

False

Diane and Jim are married to each other and live together with their two biological children. This group meets the definition of

A. fictive kin

B. affiliated kin

C. a nuclear family

D. an extended family

C. a nuclear family

Which statement is true concerning the perception of weaker family ties in the United States?

A. This is a recent phenomenon unique to the United States.

B. This recent phenomenon is consistent nearly all over the world.

C. Other industrialized countries report stronger family ties while developing countries report weaker family ties.

D. Other industrialized countries report similar opinions while developing countries report stronger family ties.

D. Other industrialized countries report similar opinions while developing countries report stronger family ties.

T or F: All the people living in a housing unit makes up a household.

True

Unrelated individuals who feel and are treated as if they were relatives comprise an individual's:

A. fictive kin

B. endearing family

C. clan

D. compadres

A. fictive kin

According to Pew Research respondents which groups were the most similar in political views relating to changes in family structure?

A. Accepters and rejecters

B. Accepters and skeptics

C. Rejecters and skeptics

D. Rejecters and liberals

B. Accepters and skeptics

Sue is Kay's mother-in-law. Their relationship is

A. conjugal

B. consanguineous

C. affiliative

D. fictive

T or F: Monogamy is the preferred marital arrangement worldwide.

False

A marriage system is quite rare throughout world cultures is

A. monogamy

B. polygamy

C. polygyny

D. polyandry

D. polyandry

T or F: Social networking and technology has changed the American family

True

The most commonly preferred marital arrangement for numerous countries in the Middle East is called-

A. monogamy

B. serial monogamy

C. polygyny

D. polyandry

C. polygyny

Through which court case did same-sex marriage become legal in the United States?

A. Roe v. Wade

B. Plessy v. Ferguson

C. Brown v. Board of Education

D. Obergefell v. Hodges

D. Obergefell v. Hodges

In the United States, same-sex couples can legally marry in

A. only states that have passed laws in favor of same-sex marriage.

B. in all 50 states

C. Ohio and New York only

D. churches but not in courthouses

B. in all 50 states

T or F: The study of marriage and family is personal, not abstract.

False

The status we are given in society is first acquired through our-

A. education

B. employment

C. families

D. own efforts

C. families

Kate has not seen or heard from her mother since Hurricane Katrina hit the Louisiana town where her mother lived. She does not know for sure if her mother is dead or alive. Kate feels her mother's psychological presence even though she is not physically with her. Pauline Boss uses the term _____ to describe what Kate is feeling.

A. mental illness

B. delusional affect

C. ambiguous loss

D. trauma-induced psychosis

C. ambiguous loss

Which of the following is not a macro-level theory?

A. Structural functionalism

B. Conflict theory

C. Family ecology theory

D. Family systems theory

D. Family systems theory

The research method that is most popular in marriage and family studies is the

A. interview method

B. survey method

C. clinical experimental method

D. covert observation method

B. survey method

T or F: Secondary data analysis involves interviewing the same person twice before analyzing the data.

False

Conflict theory assumes that

A. differences lead to conflict.

B. only certain people in the family have power

C. conflict is abnormal

D. money is the universal source of power in the family

A. differences lead to conflict

T or F: Social exchange theory addresses equity and fairness.

True

T or F: Reality television is more representative of familial reality than daytime talk shows.

False

A scientist wants to conduct research to determine if change in a certain variable causes predictable change in another variable. Which method should the scientist use?

A. clinical

B. correlational

C. survey

D. experimental

D. experimental

T or F: Experimental research involves isolating a single factor under controlled circumstances to determine its influence.

True

T or F: Defining the family as inherently weak and prone to disagreement at all times is critical to conflict theory.

False

According to _________ theory, when the emotional costs of a relationship outweigh its benefits, we are likely to feel uncomfortable, angry, or distressed.

A. social exchange

B. structural functionalism

C. symbolic interaction

D. family systems

A. social exchange

The primary feminist theory goal is to

A. get equal pay for equal work within the household.

B. minimize the contributions of men in family systems and create female-centered families.

C. raise society's level of awareness regarding the oppression of women and all other disadvantaged groups.

D. raise awareness regarding the oppression of women as members of all families and households.

C. raise society's level of awareness regarding the oppression of women and all other disadvantaged groups.

T or F: Self-help and childrearing books are typically value-free.

False

When they promise participants either anonymity or confidentiality, researchers are protecting

A. data

B. the privacy and safety of participants

C. guidelines

D. opinions

B. the privacy and safety of participants

T or F: Structural functionalists believe social stability is in the best interest of society.

True

Dr. Walker believes that life involves discord and competition. Dr. Walker is a ______ theorist.

A. social exchange

B. structural functionalism

C. conflict

D. family systems

C. conflict

Case studies and in-depth interviews are examples of

A. qualitative research

B. quantitative research

C. secondary data analysis

D. triangulation

A. qualitative research

T or F: A family systems approach assumes that the family has a structure that can only be seen in its interactions.

True

What method of research deals with large amounts of information that is analyzed and presented statistically?

A. Qualitative

B. Comparative

C. Quantitative

D. Meta-study

C. Quantitative

Examining the needs a family meets for its individual members is an aspect of

A. conflict theory

B. structural functionalism

C. social exchange theory

D. the feminist perspective

B. structural functionalism

T or F: All states recognize common-law marriages.

False

Couples who cohabit before remarrying tend to

A. be happier than those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

B. be less happy than those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

C. be no different with respect to happiness from those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

D. have a lower divorce rate than those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

B. be less happy than those who do not cohabit before remarriage.

"Gray divorce" refers to the phenomenon of

A. divorce among those over 50 years old.

B. a divorce in which partners continue to have active roles in each other's lives.

C. an informal separation of a marriage.

D. a high number of men and women whose marriages have ended in divorce.

A. divorce among those over 50 years old.

The racial/ethnic group with the largest percentage of unmarried individuals is

A. Non-Hispanic white

B. Asian

C. African American

D. Hispanic

C. African American

T or F: Gay men and lesbians commonly construct families of choice with more fluid boundaries than heterosexual couples.

True

The percentage of the population that is unmarried has ____ in the last four decades.

A. been increasing

B. been decreasing

C. remained consistent

D. quadrupled

A. been increasing

T or F: Expanded educational and employment opportunities for women have had a limited impact on the rise in singlehood.

False

Contemporary relationships among the unmarried are characterized by which of the following?

A. Partners tend to be economically dependent on one another.

B. Partners tend to be emotionally dependent on one another.

C. Partners tend to emphasize egalitarian roles.

D. Partners tend to be more dependent in their roles.

C. Partners tend to emphasize egalitarian roles.

Based on 2015 Census data, there are about _____ gay and lesbian couple households in the United States.

A. 150,000

B. 370,000

C. 600,000

D. 1,000,000

C. 600,000

What percentage of adults have never married, according to 2014 data?

A. 43.8%

B. 28.1%

C. 35.3%

D. 49.7%

B. 28.1%

Which statement is false regarding gay and lesbian cohabitation?

A. About 75% of same-sex couples are raising children.

B. Same-sex married couples have a median income higher than unmarried same-sex couples.

C. Same-sex couples can marry in all 50states.

D. Lesbian couples make up slightly more than half of all same-sex households.

A. About 75% of same-sex couples are raising children.

The increase in the number of single adults in the United States is due to all except which of the following?

A. Delayed marriage

B. Increasing educational options

C. More conservative sexual and social standards

D. An imbalance in the sex ratio

C. More conservative sexual and social standards

Singlism refers to the

A. inability of some people to find a mate.

B. negative effects on children of being in a single-parent household.

C. prejudice and discrimination experienced by singles.

D. tendency of singles to be self-focused and individualistic.

C. prejudice and discrimination experienced by singles.

T or F: Rates of cohabitation have increased tenfold since the 1960s.

False

T or F: In the United States, cohabiting couples lack most of the rights that married couples enjoy.

True

Among the unmarried population aged 18 or older, there is a ratio of ___ men to every 100 women.

A. 50

B. 63

C. 87

D. 97

C. 87

Rates of cohabitation have increased for which reason?

A. Women are more economically dependent on marriage.

B. Most people consider marriage obsolete.

C. Views of sexuality have liberalized.

D. The meaning of divorce has remained consistent over time.

C. Views of sexuality have liberalized.

Regarding finances, cohabiting women generally have

A. a more precarious economic situation than men.

B. more economic opportunities and success than men.

C. about the same economic situation as men.

D. have a dramatic rise in their economic status after dissolving cohabitation relationships.

A. a more precarious economic situation than men.

In general, cohabiting gay and lesbian couples differ from heterosexual cohabiting couples in which way?

A. They are older than heterosexual couples.

B. They are less racially diverse than heterosexual couples.

C. They are less likely to have earned college degrees.

D. They are less likely than heterosexual couples to be in a cohabiting relationship.

D. They are less likely than heterosexual couples to be in a cohabiting relationship.

Those who engage in serial cohabitation

A. are less likely to divorce after marrying.

B. more than double their risk of divorcing after marriage.

C. typically learn from previous mistakes and have more rewarding relationships.

D. rarely marry.

B. more than double their risk of divorcing after marriage.

Conflicts over housework in a marriage

A. are rare in contemporary families.

B. are rare in dual-earner families only.

C. have both practical and symbolic dimensions.

D. have a practical but not a symbolic dimension.

C. have both practical and symbolic dimensions.

T or F: One problem with nonverbal communication is the imprecision of its message.

True

Which party tends to have the most power in the relationship?

A. The in-laws tend to have more power than the couple

B. The party with the most resources and the most need

C. The party with the least interest in continuing the relationship

D. The party with the most interest in continuing the relationship

C. The party with the least interest in continuing the relationship

If conflicts arise and one partner keeps their feelings to themselves, it is called

A. affiliative humor

B. self-gratification

C. self-silencing

D. mutual avoidance

C. self-silencing

Which of the following is a consequence of marital conflict?

A. Sexual satisfaction

B. Overconfidence

C. STIs

D. Alcohol abuse

D. Alcohol abuse

Jessica does not realize that she has power in her marriage, although she makes decisions about the caregiving for her children and sets the standard for their discipline. This kind of power is referred to as

A. parental.

B. gatekeeping.

C. maternal.

D. dominance.

B. gatekeeping.

Which statement is true regarding gender differences in communication?

A. Husbands tend to send clearer messages than wives.

B. Husbands tend to set the emotional tone of an argument.

C. Wives tend to use emotional appeals more than husbands.

D. Wives tend to give neutral messages, or to withdraw.

C. Wives tend to use emotional appeals more than husbands.

T or F: Husbands often believe that they have more power in relationships than they actually do.

True

If Jim does not really care whether his wife Francis stays with him or not, he will have the most power in the relationship according to

A. the principle of least interest.

B. resource theory.

C. investment theory.

D. the principle of affection.

A. the principle of least interest.

Research has found that couples in satisfied marriages tend to do which of the following?

A. Disclose mostly negative thoughts

B. Engage willingly in conflict

C. Avoid conflict at all costs

D. Conceal private thoughts and feelings

B. Engage willingly in conflict

T or F: The relative love and need theory explains power in terms of an individual's involvement and needs in the relationship.

True

According to the text, which of the following is considered to be the most difficult topic for couples to discuss?

A. Criticism

B. Relationship doubts

C. In-laws

D. Sex

B. Relationship doubts

T or F: It is common and normal for couples to have disagreements or conflicts.

True

T or F: Conflict can be beneficial.

True

"Why are you even bringing up this problem now?" is an example of

A. physiological self-soothing.

B. stonewalling.

C. validating.

D. defensiveness.

D. defensiveness.

Every time Tammy tells her husband Michael that she wants to talk about their marriage, Michael either leaves the room or changes the subject. This type of marital communication is referred to as

A. demand-withdraw communication.

B. the request-refuse pattern.

C. demand-ignore communication.

D. the solicit-deny pattern.

A. demand-withdraw communication.

T or F: Self-disclosure before or soon after marriage is related to relationship satisfaction later.

True

A partner avoiding issues by withdrawing from the conversation is an example of

A. clarification

B. stonewalling

C. defensiveness

D. criticism

B. stonewalling

All of the following are positive ways of resolving conflict except

A. coercion.

B. assertion.

C. negotiation.

D. supporting your partner

A. coercion.

Unhappily married couples displayed which behavior pattern?

A. Confrontation

B. Paraphrasing

C. Validation

D. Clarification

A. Confrontation

With respect to adoption, we find

A. closed adoption is the norm.

B. open adoption is preferred by most adoption experts.

C. self-esteem is highest for those in closed adoptions.

D. views are mixed about the benefits of open adoption.

B. open adoption is preferred by most adoption experts.

Teen mothers are

A. more at risk of anemia than mothers who have their first child between ages 30-35.

B. more likely to give birth to twins than are mothers between ages 30-35.

C. more numerous today than ever before in history.

D. more likely to attain higher education than women who have children later.

A. more at risk of anemia than mothers who have their first child between ages 30-35.

Parentified children

A. can experience benefits from taking care of their parents before adulthood.

B. tend to reject careers in the helping professions as adults.

C. are typically self-focused and self-centered as adults as a result of their early childhood experiences.

D. are viewed as abnormal in all cultures.

A. can experience benefits from taking care of their parents before adulthood.

T or F:A man may feel confusion or conflicts about sexual activity during a partner's pregnancy.

True

T or F: The terms "childless" and "child-free" mean the same thing.

False

T or F:Babies born from unintended pregnancies are more likely to suffer both physical and social disadvantages.

True

In looking at fatherhood, we find that

A. most fathers can be characterized as "nurturant" fathers.

B. new standards of fatherhood are acted upon by most fathers.

C. there is a discrepancy between the culture of fatherhood and the conduct of fatherhood.

D. fathers today typically engage in five times the number of activities with children than they did in the 1980s.

C. there is a discrepancy between the culture of fatherhood and the conduct of fatherhood.

Which of the following is not a common strategy to defend against child-free stigma?

A. Asserting a right to self-fulfillment

B. Using fertility medications

C. Claiming a biological deficiency

D. Redefining the situation

B. Using fertility medications

The term "child-free" is used to describe

A. homes where children have grown and left.

B. a couple where partners do not choose to have children.

C. homes where there are no children because of inability to conceive

D. families that allow their children a lot of freedom in the home.

B. a couple where partners do not choose to have children.

Feminists criticize contemporary childbirth for which reason?

A. Women have too much control over the birth process.

B. Many of the medical interventions are unnecessary.

C. Men are not included in the birth process as much as they should be.

D. The medical profession never listens to what women need during pregnancy.

B. Many of the medical interventions are unnecessary.

The ______ or so following childbirth constitutes the postpartum period.

A. 9 months

B. 2 months

C. 3 months

D. first year

C. 3 months

Couples can experience less stress in the first year of childrearing if they

A. are open in their communication.

B. are still in the process of developing a strong relationship with each other.

C. wait until the infant is at least a year old before discussing family planning.

D. did not feel strongly about having a child until the last trimester.

A. are open in their communication.

Postpartum depression involves

A. only psychological factors.

B. biological, psychological, and social factors.

C. only biological factors.

D. only social factors.

B. biological, psychological, and social factors.

What factor is most significant in accounting for differences between children who live with both biological parents and those living in single-parent, remarried, cohabiting, or stepparent households?

A. Religious factor

B. Educational factor

C. Economic factor

D. Racial factor

C. Economic factor

The ideology of intensive mothering refers to

A. an unrealistic standard against which mothers are judged.

B. the belief that mothers are more "intense" parents than fathers.

C. the expectation that mothers need to have two or more children to be characterized as "mothers first."

D. the adjustment period that mothers experience in the first month after delivering a child.

A. an unrealistic standard against which mothers are judged.

Women who lose a pregnancy or young infant generally experience _____ in the initial stage.

A. shock and disbelief

B. sadness

C. planning for the next pregnancy

D. depression

A. shock and disbelief

T or F: Adoption laws vary widely from state to state.

True

Between 2013 and 2014, fertility rates

A. decreased for age groups under 25 years old.

B. decreased among Asian women.

C. increased dramatically across populations.

D. increased among high-school dropouts to the highest levels since 2007.

A. decreased for age groups under 25 years old.

Research on gay and lesbian parents compared with children of heterosexual parents reveals that

A .there are differences in these children's gender identity.

B. there are differences in gender-role behavior.

C. children with gay and lesbian parents experience more behavioral problems.

D. there are no significant differences in gender identities or gender-role behavior.

D. there are no significant differences in gender identities or gender-role behavior.

T or F: In recent years, few Americans have chosen to adopt for reasons other than infertility.

False