Gastrointestinal System Review

This set of flashcards covers essential concepts related to the gastrointestinal system, including drug actions, patient care, and GI disorders.

What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal tract?

Nutritional intake, breakdown and absorption of nutrients, and excretion.

What are antacids used for?

To neutralize gastric acid in order to relieve symptoms related to hyperacidity.

What does the stomach primarily achieve?

Digestion and acid-base balance.

What is one major age-related change in the gastrointestinal system?

Decreased peristalsis.

What is the mechanism of action for H2 receptor blockers?

They bind to H2 receptors and decrease proton pump activity.

What is the therapeutic effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

They irreversibly block the proton pump and decrease HCl production.

How do emetic agents function?

They induce vomiting by acting locally on gastric mucosa and centrally on the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

What is a common side effect of taking magnesium-based antacids?

Diarrhea.

What is a side effect of aluminum-based antacids?

Constipation.

What is the indication for the use of laxatives?

Constipation and to avoid straining.

Name one common drug example of an H2 receptor antagonist.

Pepcid (famotidine).

What is a common side effect of proton pump inhibitors?

Possible gastrointestinal infections.

What does the term ‘peristalsis’ refer to?

The wave-like motion that moves contents through the gastrointestinal tract.

What is the mechanism of action for bulk-forming laxatives?

They retain water in the intestine to increase bulk and soften stool.

What are the therapeutic effects of antiemetic agents?

To prevent or treat nausea and vomiting.

List a contraindication for the use of an emetic agent.

Absence of a gag reflex.

What is one of the indications for laxative use?

Straining during bowel movements.

What are probiotics used for?

To replenish the normal bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract.

What is the main action of anticholinergic agents in antiemetics?

They block stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

What can excessive use of antacids lead to?

Rebound hyperacidity and metabolic alkalosis.

What therapeutic effect do mucosal protectants provide?

They adhere to the gastric mucosa and promote healing.

Name a side effect of opiate anti-diarrheal agents.

Constipation.

What is the primary function of the liver in the gastrointestinal system?

Storage, protection, and metabolism.

What does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

It produces enzymes necessary for digestion.

Which gastrointestinal disorder is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD).

What are the therapeutic effects of serotonin antagonists?

They prevent nausea and vomiting, particularly chemotherapy-related.

What class of drugs is indicated for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers.

What is a common side effect of antihistamines used for nausea?

Sedation.

What assessment should be performed when administering gastrointestinal agents?

Assess therapeutic and side effects.

List a precaution when using laxatives.

Assess fluid volume status and medications.

What is the mechanism of action for dopamine antagonists in treating nausea?

They block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Why is it important to monitor electrolyte levels when using saline laxatives?

They can cause electrolyte imbalances.

What is the effect of reduced glucose control from the pancreas?

It can lead to metabolic disorders.

Identify a potential side effect of using Ipecac syrup as an emetic agent.

CNS depression.

Name a drug example of an antiemetic from the anticholinergic class.

Transderm Scop (scopolamine).

What does the large intestine primarily absorb?

Water and electrolytes.

How does the mechanism of action for H2 receptor antagonists affect gastric acid production?

It decreases HCl acid production.

What nursing action should be taken for patients using proton pump inhibitors?

Assess for therapeutic and side effects regularly.

What adverse effects can prolonged use of laxatives lead to?

Dependence or altered bowel function.

What are the primary clinical indications for the use of antiemetic agents?

Nausea and vomiting.

How do gastrointestinal stimulants assist the digestive process?

They stimulate peristalsis.

Enumerate a drug example of a mucosal protectant.

Carafate (sucralfate).

What might be a reason for a patient to avoid certain laxatives?

Existing gastrointestinal obstruction.

List one class of anti-diarrheal agents.

Adsorbents.

What educational point is crucial for clients on GI medication therapy?

The importance of follow-up evaluations and monitoring side effects.

Identify a laboratory test to monitor when using GI agents.

Kidney function tests (BUN, creatinine).

What does 'straining' refer to in the context of stool formation?

Excessive effort during bowel movements.

Name a therapeutic effect of laxatives other than alleviating constipation.

To prevent Valsalva maneuver.