P3 Industrial Revolution ID Terms

Industrialization

the increased mechanization of production

Cottage industry/putting-out system

a system of production in which merchants provided raw cotton to women to make it into clothing in their own homes; as skilled labor, women gained higher social status and was able to take care of their children as well as earning money

Spinning jenny

created by James Hargreaves in the 1760s, this machine greatly increased the speed of the weaving process; this led to decrease in the use of handmade clothings made by women

Water frame

invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769, this was a huge device that used water to drive the spinning wheel; it was much more efficient than humans, putting an end to the putting-out system

Factory System

this system of production used many unskilled labor and automated machines to manufacture goods; since this system was much more efficient, the putting-out system disappeared

Cotton gin

invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, this machine was able to remove seeds from cotton much more efficient thaefficientlyn humans

Interchangeable parts

first created by Eli Whitney in 1798, this system was able to replace a broken part of a machine with a new, identical part; this technology was an important contribution to industrial technology

Division of labor

Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts led to this; factory owners did not have to hire skilled labor to craft every component of a product; instead, they were able to hire unskilled labor and make them focus on one simple task

Assembly line

first used by Henry Ford in automobiles early 20th century, this method of production used a big moving conveyor belt that carried parts of the car and workers were able to assemble car as the car came towards them; this led to much cheaper automobile prices

Steam engine

First created by James Watt, this technology used coal to create energy; it quickly replaced the water frame since now factories could be built anywhere, not just limited to near water sources

Agricultural revolution

a period of time when Britian experienced a drastic increase in agricultural productivity in the early 1700s

Crop rotation

rotating different crops in and out of a field each year

Seed drill

a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

Enclosure movement

a movement where the government fenced off the commons (land owned by government that let farmers to cultivate land or tend livestock) to give exclusive use to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land

Raw materials

In the New Imperialism, the Europeans exploited Asia and Africa for these type of materials; using the materials they acquired, Europeans created manufactured goods and forcefully sold them to their colonies

Capital

money available to invest in businesses

Transcontinental Railroad

railroad that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; when completed in 1869, these railroads facilitated U.S. industrial growth

Human capital

the workforce; a key part of U.S. success; mostly consisted of poor immigrants from East Asia and Europe

Second Industrial Revolution

Occurred in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, this revolution was mainly led by the U.S., Britain, and Germany; main innovations of this revolution were steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics

Internal combustion engine

an engine that generates power from gasoline, oil (fluid); during the industrial revolution this invention revolutionized transportation, significantly decreasing transportation cost and allowing people and goods to be moved more rapidly and efficiently

Trans-Siberian Railroad

a railroad that stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, and it allowed Russia to trade easily with countries in East Asia

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Tenement

Often owned by factory owners, these buildings created in cities during the Industrial Revolution housed the overcrowding people moving into cities; were unsanitary and overcrowded -> leading to many deaths and diseases

Working class

the social class at the bottom rungs of Britain's hierarchy who worked at factories and coal mines; they helped construct goods rapidly, but were very easily replaced since they were unskilled labor; low wages and almost no safety in work environment

White-collar jobs

the "middle class" of Britain's social hierarchy who managed goods production and had education and skills; factory and office manager,s small business owners, and professionals

Captains of industry

the top class of Britain's new social hierarchy; consisted of the industrialists and owners of large corps; soon became the leaders of the modern industrial society

Cult of domesticity

idealized the female homemaker; advertised women to buy household products that would make the home a husband's place of rest from the modern world; urged women to stay home and fulfill their housing duties

Consumerism

developed among working and middle classes of society in Britain; producers began to advertise particularly to middle class that nonessential goods such as leisure activities

Stock market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Monopoly

Complete control of a industry by a certain person or a group; Britain had a monopoly on Industrial technology during the Industrial Revolution

Bessemer process

a more efficient way to produce steel; helped Alfred Krrup of Essen of Germany gain monopoly n German steel industry

Labor Unions

organizations of workers that advocated for right to bargain with employers and put resulting agreements in contract; these organizations in Britain had to meet in secret because government treated them as enemies of trade

The Wealth of Nations

a book written by Adam Smith; wrote about free/trade/free market economy and capitalism; believed in the concept of an invisible hand where the market regulates itself without government interference

John Stuart Mill

a British philosopher who criticized laissez-faire capitalism as inhumane to workers; championed legal reforms to alow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories; followed Utilitarian ideals

Socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

The Communist Manifesto

a pamphlet published by Karl MArx and Friedrich Engels that summarized their critique of capitalism

Proletariat

the workking class; worked hard labors for little compensation

Bourgeoisie

the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods

Means of production

Karl Marx claimed that beacuse the Bourgeoisie owned this, such as machines, factories, mines, and land, they received most of the wealth produced

Communism

a theory developed by Karl Marx to replace socialism where all class distinctions would end