unit 1 - the diversity of life

evolution

the idea that all organisms on earth are related to each other evolution of life affected by the changing earth

mutualism

both partners benefit

parasitism

one partner benefits, other partner is harmed

commensilism

one partner benefits, other partner is not helped nor harmed

3 main lines of evolution

domain bacteria (prokaryote), domain archae (prokaryote), domain eukarya (eukaryote)

haldane-oparin hypothesis

proposed the theory that life arose spontaneously from methane, ammonia, water, and energy sources

miller-urey experiment

tested haldane-oparin’s hypothesis and discovered organic molecules could be synthesized in lab situations that simulated conditions on early earth

panspermia

theory that rocks from outer space provided organic materials (+ possibly microorganisms) that could also have been the catalyst for life to develop on earth

autotrophs

organisms producing their own food

chemotrophs

energy source for food production based on chemical processes

phototrophs

energy source for food production based on sunlight

paleozoic era

started about 600/590 million years ago, ended about 250 million years ago

what is the paleozoic era also called

age of invertebrates/fish

mesozoic era

started about 250 million years ago, ended about 66 million years ago

what is the mesozoic era also known as

age of gymnosperm, age of dinosaurs/reptiles

cenozoic era

started about 66 million years ago, era we are currently in

what is the cenozoic era also known as

age of angiosperm, age of mammals

pangea

large supercontinent that formed early in the mesozoic era

two portions created by pangea

laurasia and gondwana

taxonomy

the science of naming and classifying species

binomial nomenclature

developed to identify individual species, or those that can exclusively reproduce with each other

classification system

domain, kingdom, phylum (or division), class, order, family, genus, species

what organelle was one of the first to transition from a prokaryote

mitochondria

it was believed that the first organism was

heterotrophic and anaerobic

zygotic

a zygote engages in meiosis typically producing genetically unique, haploid spores

gametic

a diploid organism produces haploid gametes via meiosis

sporic

a diploid organism produces haploid spores via meiosis

giardia

type of genus, can cause giardiasis and associated with numerouse gastrointestinal symptoms

monophyletic

a group containing a common ancestor and all of its descendants

polyphyletic

a group of organisms that doesn’t include their most recent common ancestor, usually group together by shared traits rather than shared ancestry

common name for heterotrophs

decomposers, predators, grazers, parasites

common name for chytridiomycota

chytrids

common name for oomycota

water molds

common name for acrasiomycota

cellular slime molds

common name for myxomycota

plasmodial slime molds

common name for sarcodina

amoeboid protozoans (amoebas, foraminiferans, heliozoans, radiolarians)

common name for ciliophora

ciliated protozoans

common name for mastigophora

flagellated protozoans, sporozoans

common name for euglenophyta

euglenoids

common name for pyrrhophyta

dinoflagellates

common name for chrysophyta

chrysophytes (yellow green algae), diatoms

common name for rhodophyta

red algae

common name for phaeophyta

brown algae

common name for chlorophyta

green algae

fungus-like protists that are water molds

phylum chytridiomycota, phylum oomycota

fungus-like protists that are water molds characteristics

produce zoospores that rely on water to travel

fungus-like protists that are slime molds

phylum myxomycota, phylum acasiomycota

phylum myxomycota characteristics

main stage is a plasmodium (single, multinucleated huge cell); produces spores via a sporangium

phylum acrasiomycota characteristics

cells release a pheromone called acrasin (cAMP) when found is found to attract other cells and aggregate into a collective feeding/moving stage (aka pseudoplasmodium) + produce spores via a sporangium

animal-like protists (protozoans)

phylum sarcodina, phylum ciliophora, phylum mastigophora (zooflagelllates), phylum apicomplexa

phylum sarcodina characteristics

amorphous (without defined shape) + move using psuedopods

what examples of phylum sarcodina secrete a calcium/calcareous shell

amobae, foraminiferans

what examples of phylum sarcodina secrete a silica/silicious shell

radiolarians

phylum ciliophora characteristics

move using cilia + have complex, specialized organelles

example of phylum ciliophora

paramecium

macro- & micronuclei

partitioned nuclear functions

contractile vacuole

acts as a water bailer to continually pump out excess water entering osmotically, preventing the cell from bursting (lysing) in freshwater

trichocyst

a rodshaped structure with an everting filament used for prey capture and defense (comparable to cnidarian nematocyst)

phylum mastigophora consists of

trypanosoma, trichomonad, choanoflagellates

phylum mastigophora characteristics

zooflagellates; mostly parasites or commensals

trypanosoma

causes african sleeping sickness; transmitted by the tse tse fly; humans + domestic animals are most susceptible, whereas wild animals have developed immunity over long evolutionary periods

trichomonad

causes inflammation in the human reproductive tract (sexually transmitted disease)