Chemical Bonding

the main force driving chemical reactions is an atom's desire to have __

full electrons shells

the electrons in the outermost shell

valence electrons

The Octet Rule says that __

atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight valence electrons

diagrams that depict the outer electrons surrounding the symbol for an element

Lewis Diagrams

nonmetals typically __ (lose/gain) electrons

gain

if a nonmetal gains two electrons, what charge will it have?

-2

metals typically __(gain/lose) electrons

lose

if a metal gives up one electron, what charge will it have?

1+

Ionic compounds usually exist as __

solids

Nitrogen has how many valence electrons?

five

covalent bonding tends to happen between two __ (metals/nonmetals/metalloids)

nonmetals

in covalent bonding, each atom gives __ electron to form a bonding pair

one

the strongest type of bond

covalent

when electrons are shared in covalent molecules, __ ionic charges are formed

no (zero)

covalent molecules most commonly exist as a __ at room temperature

gas

oxygen needs how many electrons to complete its valence shell?

two

carbon likes to have how many bonds?

four

a __ covalent bond is formed when two electrons are unequally shared between two atoms

polar

why does polar covalent bonding occur?

Because one atom has a stronger electronegativity than the other

the atom that the bonding electrons spend a larger amount of time around has a(n) __ __ charge

partial negative

the atom that the electron is being pulled away from will have a __ __ charge

partial positive

the symbol used to show a partial charge

delta

__measures how badly an atom wants electron while in a bond

electronegativity

if an atom has __, then it really wants electrons

high electronegativity

__ __ are the same (in principle) as hydrogen bonds, but are much weaker

dipole interactions

__ __ are weaker than dipole interactions

hydrophobic clusters

Name the four intermolecular forces we studied from strongest to weakest:

Hydrogen Bonding, Dipole Interactions, Hydrophobic Clusters, London Dispersion Forces

What chemicals are affected by London Dispersion forces?

everything!

What kind of bond forms when 2 atoms share electrons?

covalent bond

What is the highest number of bonds that 2 atoms can share?

3 (triple bond)

How many bonds would oxygen form to have a full electron shell

2

How many electrons does carbon need to have a full electron shell

4

How many bonds would nitrogen form to have a full electron shell

3

What is a bond in which electrons in a bond are unequally shared?

polar covalent bond

What determines whether a bond is polar or not?

electronegativity

If the electronegativiy difference is between .5 and 1.5, what kind of bond will the 2 atoms form?

polar covalent

What intermolecular force causes water to be cohesive and adhesive?

hydrogen bonding

What element is the best at forming dipole interations?

Hydrogen

What is the weakest intermolecular interaction?

london dispersion forces

What kinds of molecules have stronger london dispersion forces?

larger, flatter molecules

What kind of bond would carbon and oxygen form?

polar covalent

Which element would have stronger london dispersion forces, oxygen or sodium?

sodium

How many dots would a lewis diagram of Boron have?

3

What kind of bonds form true molecules?

covalent bonds

How many valence electrons does nitrogen have?

5